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Forelimb > Bones - SA > Flashcards

Bones - SA Flashcards

1
Q

What are the regions of the forelimb?

A 
Omo - shoulder 
Brachium 
Antebrachium 
Carpus
Manus 
Digits
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2
Q

The scapula glides over the thorax at what point? Where is this?

A

Pivotal point

Half way down the scapula

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3
Q

What muscles attach the forelimb to the body?

A

Serratus ventralis

Subscapularis

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4
Q

What is different about the scapula of a cat? (3)

A

Rounded cranial border
Suprahamate process
Cats have bony remnant of clavicle, dogs have cartilaginous

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5
Q

How many ossification centres does the scapula have?

A

2 - body and supraglenoid tubercle

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6
Q

Which part of the scapula is not palpable?

A

Caudal border - beneath muscle

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7
Q

What is the name of the synsarcosis (fleshy, muscular joint) between the forelimb and the thorax?

A

Omothoracic junction

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8
Q

What type of joint is the shoulder joint? What about it is different from the typical joint features?

A

Synovial

Poorly developed collateral ligaments

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9
Q

What is the bicipital bursa? What does it wrap around?

A

Extension of joint capsule into inter tubercular groove

Tendon of biceps brachii

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10
Q

What ligament holds the bicipital bursa in place?

A

Transverse ligament

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11
Q

Which muscle wraps around the musculospiral groove of the humerus?

A

Brachialis

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12
Q

What passes through the supratrochlear foramen in dogs? When might this foramen not be present?

A

Nothing

Short legged dogs

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13
Q

What passes through the supracondylar foramen in cats?

A

Brachial artery

Median nerve

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14
Q

What part of the humerus is vulnerable to fractures?

A

Supratrochlear foramen

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15
Q

How many ossification centres are in the humerus?Where are they?

A

5 - proximal epiphysis, body, 3 on condyles

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16
Q

What are the functions of the radius and ulna bones?

A

Radius - short and weight bearing

Ulna - long and for leverage

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17
Q

What keeps the radial notch of the ulna in contact with the radius?

A

Annular ligament

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18
Q

Is the ulna or radius most medial?

A

Proximal - ulna most medial

Distal - radius most medial

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19
Q

What ligament is found between the radius and ulna (interosseous space)?

A

Interosseus ligament

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20
Q

What is different about the ante brachium in cats?

A

Radius and ulna similar diameter

Square olecranon

21
Q

Why do ulna fractures not always need repairing?

A

Non-weight bearing

22
Q

How many ossification centres does the radius have? What are they?

A

3 - proximal epiphysis, body, distal epiphysis

23
Q

How many ossification centres does the ulna have? What are they?

A

4 - anconeal, olecranon, body, distal epiphysis

24
Q

What type of joint is the elbow?

A

Typical synovial (with collateral ligaments)

25
Q

What 2 ligaments are present between the radius and ulna? Do these allow movement in cats and dogs?

A

Annular ligament
Interosseus ligament
Yes - more in cats

26
Q

What type of bones are present in the forelimb (long etc)

A

Flat
Long
Short
Sesamoid

27
Q

How many ossification centres do bones of the carpus have?

A

1

Except accessory and fused radial intermediate carpal have 2

28
Q

What are the 3 joints present in the carpus?

A

Antebrachiocarpal joint
Middle carpal joint - between proximal and distal row
Carpo-metacarpal joint

29
Q

Which joints in the carpus have most and least movement?

A

Antebrachiocarpal joint - most
Middle carpal joint - some
Carpo-metacarapl joint - least

30
Q

What supports the palmar aspect of the carpal joint?

A

Fibrocartilaginous support

31
Q

What is the retinaculum? What does it form?

A

Sleeve of deep fascia enclosing the carpus

Carpal canal

32
Q

What runs through the carpal canal in small animals?

A

Deep digital flexor tendon (SDFT runs OUTSIDE of carpal canal)
Blood vessels and nerves

33
Q

What type of walkers (e.g. plantigrade) are cats and dogs?

A

Digitigrade

34
Q

What is the dew claw?

A

Vestigial first digit, non weight bearing

35
Q

How many ossification centres do the metacarpals have?

A

2

36
Q

How many ossification centres do the proximal and middle phalanx?

A

2

37
Q

How many ossification centres does the distal phalanx have?

A

1

38
Q

What joints are in the manus?

A

Metacarpo-phalangeal joint
Proximal interphalangeal joint
Dital interphalangeal joint

39
Q

What type of joints are in the manus? What provides stability to them?

A

Synovial (typical)

Collateral ligaments, sagittal ridge/groove

40
Q

How many sesamoids are in the manus per digit?

A

2 proximal

1 dorsal -

41
Q

What is the function of the sesamoid bones?

A

Proximal - protect flexor tendon

Dorsal - protect extensor tendons

42
Q

Are the sesamoid bones within or outside of the joint capsule?

A

Proximal are within joint capulse

Dorsal are outside of joint capsule

43
Q

What is the horse equivalent to the interosseous muscle in dogs?

A

Suspensory ligament

44
Q

How many interosseous muscles are there per manus? Where do they insert?

A

4 - split and insert onto each proximal sesamoids

45
Q

How are the claws not visible in the cat?

A

Retracted due to strong dorsal elastic ligament and hyperextended DIP joint

46
Q

Why are claws not visible in cat?

A

Rest in sheath so remain sharp for hunting

47
Q

When are cats claws exposed?

A

If deep digital flexor flexes joint

If manual pressure applied to digital pad

48
Q

Which bones do the DDF T and SDFT insert on?

A

DDFT - Proximal phalanx 1 (P1)

SDFT - P2

49
Q

Why does the SDFT form a tunnel for the DDFT to pass through?

A

SDFT is superficial, but DDFT needs to bypass it to insert onto P1

Forelimb (7 decks)

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