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Therio Midterm COPY1 > Equine Abortions > Flashcards

Equine Abortions Flashcards

1
Q

abortion in mares

A
  • expulsion of the non-viable fetus and its membranes between 50 and 300 days of gestation
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2
Q

main causes of equine abortions

A
  • twin pregnancies
  • umbilical cord torsion (UK- #1 cause)
  • viral, bacterial or fungal infections
  • digestion of a large amount of eastern tent caterpillars
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3
Q

twin pregnancies in mares

A
  • insufficient placenta for twins
  • usually late abortions
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4
Q

umbilical cord torsion

A
  • etiology
    • excessively long umbilical cord (>85cm at term)
  • more than 5 twists
  • blood flow restriction
  • fetal death and/or abortion
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5
Q

viral abortions

A
  • Equine rhinopneumonitis“Rhino”
    • Equine Herpesvirus 1
    • reportable disease
  • Equine Viral Arteritis
    • reportable disease
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6
Q

Equine Herpesvirus 1

A
  • repiratory disease, neurological disease, abortion
  • transmission
    • respiratory, contact with infected tissue, fetuses, placenta, fluids
  • virus viable for several weeks in the environment
  • endemic to USA
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7
Q

clinical signs of EHV 1

A
  • no clinical signs until abortion
  • late abortions: 7+ months of gestation
  • abortion of fresh fetus
  • possible “abortion storms” in not vaccinated horses
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8
Q

diagnosis of equine abortions caused by EHV 1

A
  • aborted fetus and fetal membranes
    • necropsy: necrotic foci of the liver and edematous lungs
    • histopathology: eosinophilic inclusion bodies
    • virus isolation
    • PCR
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9
Q

treatent and prevention of EHV 1

A
  • no specific tx
  • supportive tx, if needed
    • most infected foals die shortly after birth
  • prevention
    • separating pregnant mares from younger animals
    • vaccinations during months 5, 7, and 9 of pregnancy (3 vax)
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10
Q

Equine Viral Arteritis

A
  • contagious viral disease of equids which can cause abortions in mares and carrier status in stallions
  • global distribution
  • recent outbreaks in New Mexico, Utah, Idaho
  • causative agent:
    • equine arteritis virus (EAV), genus Arteriviridae, order Nidovirales
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11
Q

transmission or EVA

A
  • respiratory or venereal
  • stallions: carriers
  • virus survives in frozen semen
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12
Q

clinical signs of EVA

A
  • classic:
    • fever
    • lacrimation
    • nasal discharge
    • edema of legs, ventral abdomen, and/or scrotum
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13
Q

reproductive consequences of EVA infection

A
  • not-pregnant mares bred by infected stallions do not lose pregnancy
  • late pregnant mares infected by infected animals (respiratory route) often abort
  • abortion storms occur in susceptible mares- up to 50-60%
  • aborted fetus is partially autolyzed
  • foals infected in utero may develop pneumonia
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14
Q

dx of EVA

A
  • only through approved lab
    • serum neutralization test
    • virus isolation from semen, placenta, fetal tissue, blood
    • PCR
    • test breed stallions*
    • if vaccinated, blood can test positive
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15
Q

prevention of EVA

A
  • test all breeding stallions once a year
  • approved vax
    • determine and document serological status of the animal before vax
    • inform state vet before using vax
    • keep detailed records of vax
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16
Q

bacterial infections

A
  • bacterial placentitis
    • ascending
    • hematogenous
    • nocardioform
  • leptosporosis
  • abortions caused by endotoxemia
17
Q

bacterial placentitis

A
  • most common causes of equin abortion in US***
  • ascending:
    • Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus,
    • E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa
  • nocardioform placentitis:
    • Nocardioform actinomycetes
  • Hematogneous (rare):
    • Leptospira spp
  • characteristic lesions on chorioallantois
18
Q

clinical signs of bacterial placentitis

A
  • vaginal discharge
  • premature mammary gland development
  • abortion without warning signs
19
Q

dx of bacterial placentitis

A
  • trans-rectal u/s: ascending placentits
  • trans-abdominal u/s: Nocardioform
  • avillous areas
20
Q

tx of bacterial placentitis

A
  • systemic abx (TMS, penicillin, gentamycin)
  • altrenogest (regumate)
  • NSAIDs
  • Pentoxifylline
  • long term tx throughout pregnancy
21
Q

Take home messages

A
  • equine abortions are devastation for a horse breeder
  • vaccinating pregnant mares lowers their changes to abort due to EHV-1 infections
  • early detection of ascending placentitis in mares allows successful trx resulting in a live foal
22
Q

infertility in mares

A
  • non infectious causes
    • ovarian tumors
    • anovulatory follicles
    • developmental abnormalities
    • abnormalities of the external genitalia
23
Q

ovarian tumors

A
  • Granulosa-Theca Cell Tumor (GTCT or GCT)
  • cystadenoma
  • dysgerminoma
  • teratoma (very rare)
24
Q

Granulosa-Theca Cell Tumor

A
  • most common
  • hormonally active
  • benign
  • unilateral enlargement of one ovary
  • opposite ovary
    • small, inactive
25
Q

clinical signs of GCT

A
  • behavioral changes
    • stallion-like responses
    • aggression
    • anestrus
    • persistent estrus-nymphomania
26
Q

dx of GCT

A
  • transrectal palpation
    • enlarged ovary
    • lack of ovulation fossa
  • u/s
    • multi-cystic
    • solid (very rare)
  • GCT diagnositc panel
    • elevated inhibin (tell tale sign)
    • elevated testosterone
    • baseline progesterone
  • new endocrine test
    • elevated AMH
27
Q

tx of GCT

A
  • surgery
    • remove abnormal overy
    • should start cycling
28
Q

anovulatory/hemorrhagic follicles

A
  • may be confused with GCT!
  • ovulation fossa-palpable
  • will spontaneously regress
29
Q

contagious equine metritis

A
  • highly contagious bacterial venereal reportable disease of horses caused by Taylorella equigenitalis, a gram negative coccobacillus
  • very strict regulations for import
30
Q

transmission of CEM

A
  • venereal route
  • contact with contaminated objects
  • semen collection
    • doesn’t survive in frozen semen
31
Q

clinical signs of CEM in mares

A
  • Mares
    • intense neutrophilic endometritis/metritis
      • grayish-white discharge
    • short-term infertility-few weeks
    • abortions- rare
    • mares and delivered live foals may become carriers
  • Stallions
    • no clinical signs
    • local contamination on external genitalia
    • carrier state
32
Q

dx of CEM

A
  • swabs for culture
  • mares
    • clitoral fossa, clitoral sinus, endometrium
    • must culture all 3 sites on 3 sepearate days over 7 day period
  • stallions
    • fossa glandis, urethral sinus, urethra, prepuce, penile body
    • cultures may be false negatives
      • breed to two test mares
33
Q

tx of CEM

A
  • only under supervision of state vet
  • 4% chlorhexidine and 0.2% nitroflurazone
  • quarantine for 21 days and negative serology
34
Q

CEM summary

A
  • highly transmissible, reportable dz
  • high rate of infertility (40%)
  • asympotomatic carrier status in stallions
  • difficult to diagnose
  • one of the internationally most controlled diseases in equine industry

Therio Midterm COPY1 (8 decks)

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