Endometritis in Mare Flashcards
1
Q
what is a subfertile mare?
A
- “problem mare”
- not pregnant after repeated matings
- cannot carry a pregnancy to term
- has known reproductive pathology
- behavioral issues that affect reproduction
2
Q
what causes subfertility?
A
- breeding management
- conformational defects
- susceptibility to endometritis (inflamed environment)
3
Q
types of endometritis
A
- infectious endometritis
- Post-mating induced endometritis (PMIE)
-
sexually transmitted diseases
- contagious equine metritis (CEM)
4
Q
what mares get endometritis?
A
ALL MARES
act of mating causes profound inflammation
5
Q
what type of defenses does the mare uterus have to resist infection?
A
-
myometrial contractions
- move sperm
- get rid of bad stuff (dead sperm, debris, fluid, old PMNs)
- clearance through the cervix and lymphatics
- inflammatory response- PMNs
-
physical barriers
- perineum, vestibule, cervix
6
Q
causative agents of acute infectious endometritis
A
- Streptococcus equi spp zooepidemicus
- E. coli
- Pseudomonas aeruginiosa
- Klebsiella pneumonia
- fungal organisms
7
Q
chronic infectious endometritis
A
- multiple episodes of uterine infection
- failed tx
- may involve multiple organisms
8
Q
post-mating induced endometritis
A
- prior to breeding
- minimal inflammation
-
after breeding
- acute inflammatory response to sperm (antigens)
- poor ability to clear inflammation
- often non-infectious
9
Q
what does a mare with poor clearance look like?
A
- middle-aged or aged
- pluriparous
-
pendulous uterus
- poor contractililty
- perineal defects
not in all mares
10
Q
“atypical” susceptible mare
A
- middle-aged
- maiden
- cervical incompetence during estrus
11
Q
mucus production in mare with endometritis
A
- excessive in endometritis
- produced by endometrial ciliated cells
- protective
12
Q
biofilm
A
-
heterogenous mix of bacteria
- suppoted in ECM
- normal flora/protective
- Pseudomonas, E.coli
-
properties of bacteria can change with conditions
- can result in disease (dental caries)
- abx resistance
13
Q
“positive” uterine culture
A
- pure growth
- many colonies
- associated inflammation
- Streptococcus zooepidemicus, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, fungal species
14
Q
methods for uterine cytology
A
- uterine swab
- uterine cytology brush
- uterine biopsy
15
Q
low volume uterine lavage
A
- infuse small volume sterile saline (150-250 mL)
-
recover with rectal massage
- oxytocin IV
- examine fluid character
-
centrifuge effluent
- culture
- cytology
16
Q
interpretation of results of uterine cytology and lavage
A
-
traditional cytology
- 5 PMN’s/hpf
- degenerate cells
- bacteria (Streptococcus)
- fungal organisms
-
low volume lavage
- presence of PMN’s
- debris in fluid
- mucus strands
- E. coli culture
- fungal culture
17
Q
detection of fungal infections
A
-
culture
- 4-7 days
- aerobic cultures miss most
-
cytology
- brush best
- biopsy
- PCR
18
Q
cervical examination
A
-
digital examination
- full thickness tears
- “divets”
- adhesions
-
visual examination
- discharge
19
Q
hysteroscopy
A
- visualization of uterine lumen
- localized abnormalities of the endometrium
-
visually-guided procedures
- deep horn insemination
- biopsy
- laser procedures
20
Q
oviductal patency
A
- barren mares
-
oviductal blockage
- plugs
- salpingitis adhesions
-
laparoscopic evaluation
- flush
- prostaglandin E
21
Q
tx of mare endometritis
A
- correct anatomic defects
- reduce contamination during breeding
- breed close to ovulation
-
uterine lavage: 4-8 hrs after breeding (up to 12-18hrs)
- prior to ovulation
- should be cloudy if bred
22
Q
ecbolic agents
A
- induce uterine contractions
- Oxytocin
- Cloprostenol
23
Q
antimicrobial agents
A
- culture and sensitivity
-
intrauterine
- once daily infusion
- endometrial penetration
- cost effective
-
systemic
- multi-dose/day
- endometrial penetration
- expensive
