Equine Flashcards
1
Q
What does the term equine refer to?
A
horses, donkeys, and zebras
2
Q
What are the hybrids of equine breeds?
A
sterile and cannot reproduce
3
Q
Mule
A
male donkey x female horse
Male = John
Female = Molly
4
Q
Hinny
A
male horse x female donkey
Male = John
Female = Molly
5
Q
Zorse
A
-zebra x horse
-more parasite resistance than horses
6
Q
Zonkey (Zedonk)
A
zebra x donkey
7
Q
In kentucky what are horses considered?
A
livestock
8
Q
Ponies
A
-1-15 hh tall
-usually longer than they are tall
-pull carts or show
9
Q
Pony breeds
A
-welsh
-shetland
10
Q
Light horses
A
-15-17.2 hh tall
-suitable to be ridden
-used for racing, showing, working livestock, trail riding
-900-1500 lbs.
11
Q
Light horse breeds
A
-Arabian
-quarter horse
-tennessee walking horse
-thoroughbred
-morgan
12
Q
Heavy or draft horses
A
-16-18 hh tall
-large and powerful
-wide muscular bodies
-used for heavy work, pulling
-2,000+ lbs.
13
Q
Heavy/Draft horse breeds
A
-belgium
-clydesdale
-shire
-percheron
14
Q
Hot-blooded
A
-more volatile in temperament
-evolved in desert climates
-heavy influence from Arab and Barb breeds
15
Q
Hot blooded breeds
A
-Thoroughbred
-Arabian
16
Q
Cold blooded
A
-calm temperaments
-originated in northern Europe
-heavy influence from Forest horse breed
17
Q
Cold blooded breeds
A
-belgium
-clydesdale
-percheron
18
Q
Warm blooded
A
-varying temperaments
-have both hot blooded and cold blooded ancestors
19
Q
Warm blooded breeds
A
-quarter horse
-saddlebred
-hanoverian
20
Q
Artificial gaits
A
-running walk
-pace
-rack
-still can be natural
21
Q
Walk
A
-four-beat symmetrical gait
-four feet strike the ground independently
-no movement of suspension
22
Q
Trot/Jog
A
-two-beat symmetrical gait
-legs move in two diagonal pairs
-suspension gives the bounce
23
Q
Canter
A
-three-beat asymmetrical gait
-moment of suspension follows the three beats
24
Q
Gallop
A
-four-beat asymmetrical gait
-fastest of natural gaits
-moment of suspension after the four beats
25
When do light breed mares reach sexual maturity?
12-18 months
26
When do draft breed mares reach sexual maturity?
18-24 months
27
What estrous cycle are mares?
seasonally polyestrous
28
When do mares start to cycle?
-when daylight hours become longer
-temperatures are higher
-nutrition improves
29
How often do mares come into estrus during breeding season?
every 21 days
30
Why are mares long-day breeders?
their melatonin levels decrease as daylight hours increase -- increase day length triggers GnRH as well
31
How are mares bred?
AI or live cover (thoroughbreds)
32
Signs of estrus in mares?
-blinking of vulva (winking)
-squatting
-frequent urination
-lifting the tail
33
When does ovulation occur during estrus?
towards the end of the heat
34
How long does estrus (heat) last?
5-7 days
35
How often are mares bred while in heat?
-some breeders breed every other day while she is in heat
-some wait two days after signs of estrus appeared to breed
36
What percentage of all ovulations in mares are multiples?
10% (twins only carry to term about 0.5% of the time)
37
How long do mares gestate?
336 days
38
How long after foaling do mares come back into heat?
5-12 days ("foal heat")
39
What is a vital importance to controlling diseases and parasites of horses?
sanitation
-clean stalls
-new horses should be isolated for a month
40
What does control of internal parasites consist of?
-rotating horses from one pasture to another
-spreading manure from stables on land that horses do not graze on
-treating infected animals
41
Pinworms
-eggs are swallowed as the horse consumes contaminated feed or water
-hatch in the intestine
-adults migrate to the colon and rectum and lay eggs
42
What symptoms do pinworms cause?
-irritate the anus
-horse rubs the base of its tail against objects
-secondary infections from itching is a concern
43
Bots
-larval stage of the botfly
-lay eggs on the hairs of the throat, front legs, and belly
-irritation causes horse to lick itself
-eggs attach to tongue and lips and hatch
-larvae burrow into the tissues
-larvae migrate and attach to the lining of the stomach and stay for 6 months
-looks similar to a honey bee
-adults lay 150-500 eggs
44
Symptoms of bots
can cause colic by obstruction
45
Strongyles
-adult firmly attaches to the wall of the large intestine
-eggs laid are passed in feces
-larvae are swallowed on blades of grass once hatched
-larvae penetrate the intestinal wall to the abdomen
-migrate back to the intestine
-can migrate to various organs and arteries and cause severe damage
46
Symptoms of strongyles
causes colic, damage to organs, and arteries
47
Colic
-most devastating digestive disorders in horses
-describes a broad range of abdominal pain
48
What can cause colic?
-abrupt changes in diet
-feeding schedule
-exercise regime
-housing type
-ingestion of sand or other foreign objects
49
What does colic pain stem from?
-gas distension
-decreased gut motility
-parasitic infection
-ulcers
-bowel displacement
-twisted gut
50
What are symptoms of colic?
-pawing
-pacing
-rolling
51
How can you avoid colic?
-feed appropriate to horse's need
-do not make sudden or frequent changes to their diet
-keep the horse active
-avoid feeding on sandy ground
-maintain internal parasite prevention
-feed high fiber, low carb diet
-feed no more than 1/2 ration in concentrate form
-space out concentrate feedings in several small meals
52
How to prevent colic?
-feed high fiber, low carb diet
-feed no more than 1/2 ration in concentrate form
-space out concentrate feedings in several small meals
53
Laminitis
an inflammation of the laminar structure of the foot
-degree of severity varies
-inflammation and damage to the laminar bed results in a loss of functional integrity to the support of the foot coffin bone and sensitive tissue of the horse's hoof
54
Symptoms of laminitis
-severe pain
-lameness
-inability to walk
-abnormal gait
-increased digital pulse
-increased heart rate
55
Which feet are more likely to be affected by laminitis?
front feet
56
What causes laminitis?
-stress
-overweight horses
-overconsumption of carbohydrates
-consumption of large amounts of water by overheated horses
-overworking horses on hard surfaces
57
Equine Encephalomyelitis
-sleeping sickness
-affect the brain
-three types: Eastern, Wester, and Venezuelan
58
What causes Equine encephalomyelitis?
viral infections
59
What spreads equine encephalomyelitis?
-mosquitoes
-horses rubbing noses
-sharing water
-sharing feed containers
60
What are symptoms of equine encephalomyelitis?
-high fever
-diarrhea
-loss of appetite
-central nervous system disorder
-paralysis
-circling
-hyperexcitability
-death
61
Equine Encephalomyelitis vaccination
-two injections spaced 7-10 days apart
-given in April
-given annually
-vaccinate twice annually in the southern US
62
Potomac horse fever
-occurs between late spring/early fall
-seen in horses near creeks, rivers, or irrigated pastures
-vaccine available
63
What is the vector of potomac horse fever?
blood-feeding insects
64
What are symptoms of potomac horse fever?
-fever
-depression
-colic
-diarrhea
-laminitis
65
Strangles
-distemper
-highly contagious bacterial disease that affects the upper respiratory tract and associated lymph glands
-vaccination available
66
Symptoms of strangles
-high fever
-nasal discharge
-swollen lymph glands
-rattling sound associated with breathing
67
How is strangles spread?
contamination of feed or water
68
Henneke BCS system
-1-9
-assesses six areas: ribs, behind the shoulder, withers, loin, tailhead, and neck
69
BCS ribs
-if ribs are easily seen BCS <5
-if ribs cannot be seen BCS >5
-might be hard to see ribs in the winter due to hair coat
70
BCS shoulder
-shoulder blends smoothly with the body BCS = 5
-bulging fat behind the shoulders BCS >5
-bony shoulder structures are more visible BCS <5
71
BCS withers
-no fat deposited between the top of the shoulder blade and the spinal vertebrae BCS <5
-fat fills between the top of the shoulder blade and spinal vertebrae BCS >5
72
BCS loin
-loin area is relatively level, spine is not sticking up, no dent or crease along spine BCS = 5
-a ridge down the back BCS <5
-a crease on either side of the back BCS >5
73
BCS tailhead
-prominent and easily discernible tailhead BCS <5
-fat fills in around tailhead and begin to bulge BCS >7
74
BCS neck
-necks bony structures are visible BCS <5
-neck thick with fat evident at the crest BCS >7
75
Bay
-mixture of red and yellow
-shades ranging from light bay to dark bay
-black mane and tail with black points
76
Black
-no light areas including muzzle and flanks
-coat sometimes has a blue hue
77
Brown
almost all black but with light or brown hairs at the elbow, muzzle, and flank
78
Liver chestnut
dark red, flaxen manes and tails are lighter than the horse's coat
79
Sorrel chestnut
light red
80
White
born white and stay white throughout their life span
-pink pigmentation
81
Dun
-variety of colors
-dominant hair color is a shade of yellow
-dorsal stripe, horizontal striping on legs, dark tipped ears, dark points on face, light colored hairs in mane and tail
82
Buckskin
-golden coat color
-black legs, ears, manes, and tails
83
Gray
-born another color and gray over time
-dark pigmentation
84
Pinto/Paint
-all paints are pinto, but not all pintos are paints
-Paint = pinto horses that are thoroughbreds and quarter horses
85
Palomino
-golden color, pale yellow to rich golden shades
-almost white or flaxen colored mane and tail
86
Roan
-white hairs intermingled with one or more basic colors
-bay roan, blue roan, red roan
87
Appaloosa physical description
compact, short coupled mane and tail with strong correct legs
88
Appaloosa country of origin
US
89
Appaloosa type
light
90
Arabian physical description
wedge shaped, dished and refined head
-small muzzle with large nostrils
-cured neck with high tail set
91
Arabian country of origin
-unknown
-Syria, Turkey, Iraq, Southwestern Asia
92
Arabian type
light
93
Clydesdale physical description
large size, silky feathers on back legs, long crested neck
94
Clydesdale color pattern
black, gray, bay, roan, pinto
95
Clydesdale country of origin
Scotland
96
Clydesdale type
draft
97
Percheron color pattern
black or grey
98
Percheron physical description
thin, long ears, slanted shoulder, short straight back
99
Percheron country of origin
France
100
Percheron type
draft
101
Quarter horse physical description
short, wide head, small muzzle, compact look, and rounded muscular hindquarters
102
Quarter horse country of origin
US
103
Quarter horse type
light
104
Shire color pattern
chestnut, black, grey, bay
105
Shire physical description
long neck, wide shoulders, heavy featherings on back legs, big rounded hooves
106
Shire country of origin
England
107
Shire type
draft
108
Standardbred physical description
heavy head that might have a convex profile, medium neck, muscular hindquarters
109
Standardbred country of origin
US
110
Standardbred type
light
111
Tennessee Walking Horses physical description
large, plain head, clean legs, powerful hind legs
112
Tennessee Walking horse country of origin
US
113
Tennessee Walking Horse type
light
114
Thoroughbred physical description
refined head, long neck, long body, long and fine legs
115
Thoroughbred country of origin
England
116
Thoroughbred type
light
