Equilibrium Flashcards
What is equilibrium?
A state of rest or balance due to equal action of opposing forces
When forward and reverse action occur at the same rate
What is collision reaction theory?
Molecules must be arranged in correct orientation in order to react
There must also be enough energy for the reaction to occur
What are the four conditions for a system at equilibrium?
- Constant macroscopic (observable) properties
- Closed system at constant temperature
- Forward and reverse reaction rates are equal
- Equilibrium can be approached from either direction (forward or reverse)
What is percent yield?
The amount of product you get at equilibrium compared to the maximum amount you could get
A quantitative reaction has a percent yield of 100%
What are the steps for calculating percent yield?
Balance equation
Use stoichiometry to determine expected outcome
Calculate percent reaction using out/in formula
What does a percent yield less than 50% mean?
Reactants are favoured (left shift)
What does a percent yield greater than 50% mean?
Products favoured (right shift)
What does a percent yield greater than 99.9% mean?
The reaction is quantitative
What are the steps for writing an ICE table?
- Write the reaction equation
- Set up an ICE (Initial, Change, Equilibrium) and fill in what you know
- Calculate the change of one of the reagents
- Use stoichiometry to calculate change for the other reagents
- Complete the table
What is an equilibrium constant (Kc)?
Kc is a constant value we can assign to reaction to show the relationship between products and reactants
If Kc > 1, then the products are favoured in the equilibrium
If Kc < 1, then the reactants are favoured in the equilibrium
We can ignore the concentrations of pure solids and liquids
What will change the Kc value of an equilibrium?
The systems temperature (if temperature changes, Kc changes)
What won’t change the Kc value of an equilibrium?
The reagent concentration
Any catalyst present
The time taken to reach equilibrium
What is Le Chatelier’s Principle?
When a chemical system at equilibrium is disturbed by a change in property, the system will work to oppose the change until equilibrium is restored
What happens to a chemical reaction if there is an increased concentration of a substance?
There is a shift away from the substance that is changed because the extra concentration needs to be used up
What happens to a chemical reaction if there is an decreased concentration of a substance?
There will be a shift towards the substance because you need to produce more of the substance to make up for what was removed
What happens to a chemical reaction if there is an increase in the pressure of the system?
There is shift towards the side with fewer moles of gas because there’s less volume
What happens to a chemical reaction if there is a decrease in the pressure of the system?
There is a shift towards the side with more moles of gas because there is an increase in volume
What happens to a chemical reaction if there is an increase in the temperature of the system?
There is a shift away from the heat/energy because this extra energy needs to be used up
What happens to a chemical reaction if there is a decrease in the temperature of the system?
There is a shift towards the heat/energy because more energy needs to be produced to make up for the loss
What happens to a chemical reaction if there is a catalyst added to the system?
There is no shift because the rates of both the forward and reverse reactions are increased by the same amount.
What is an endothermic reaction?
In an endothermic reaction, heat can be thought of as a “reactant”
Heat enters the system
Has a positive enthalpy (H) value
What is an exothermic reaction?
In an exothermic reaction, heat can be thought of as a “product”
Heat leaves the system
Has a negative enthalpy (H) value
What is the Bronsted-Lowry definition of acids and bases?
An acid is a proton diner in a specific reaction
A base is a proton acceptor in a specific reaction
What does amphiprotic mean?
It is a substance that can act as either an acid or a base