EQ4 Flashcards
What is nationalism?
A political movement focused on national independence or the abandonment of policies that threaten national sovereignty.
What factors reinforce nationalism?
- Education e.g. Fundamental British values defined by the UK government in 2014 as democracy, rule of law, respect, tolerance and individual liberty are taught in schools.
- Sport and culture e.g. Sports serve a national unifying force to that through the London 2012 Olympics of football and rugby World Cup‘s, but nationalism is not that of the unified UK but rather Welsh Scottish and English and it’s focus.
- Political parties e.g. Conservative party and Brexit party frequently using national symbols as part of their visual messages and logo. Symbols may appeal to a particular type of national identity which is not supported by all and is actually off putting to some voters who have a more international sense of identity.
What are US citizens common focus of identity?
In the rights and freedoms granted in the US Constitution bill of rights, first amendment = freedom of speech etc
How is France’s cultural cohesion relied upon?
By the shared beliefs of freedom, this is why they banned the Burka in 2009 they said it was a symbol of women oppression not because of religion.
How can landscape give a country national identity?
Give a country a national identity, for example the painting by Constable the citing peaceful rural life e.g. in England
What are the challenges to national identity?
- Westernisation and Americanisation
- western power influence
- Property markets and place identity
How do American companies promote westernisation?
The most successful American companies and roll people from a spectrum of different local cultures as their consumers e.g. Disney portrays the American dream, McDonald’s reinforces American and western culture - serving 70m customers a day, Apple makes people connect in a similar way regardless of where they are from.
They also spread cultural diffusion and the benefits of capitalism, traits that travel farther are those which generate profits for businesses to help the dominant capitalist this global system to prospect.
Where has westernisation been resisted?
In Florence Italy in 2016 they blocked the opening of McDonald’s in the Piazza del Buomo Sq, McDonald’s sued Italy for €18 million for discrimination. Italian say that they have the right to say no and they will not be bullied by the TNCs
Why are UK companies now foreign owned?
owner may be an overseas TNCs e.g. only 25% of cars manufactured in the UK 100% British owned or there could be a foreign government buyer through SWF like in China and Qatar owning Heathrow and football clubs. This increases investment improve facilities paid more tax but profits go to the foreign countries of the UK does not benefit.
Where is non national ownership greatest?
In London, 50% of London was owned by migrants in 2011. Property is bought as a investment, the UK is seen as a safe haven for investing if the buyers home nation has economic problems e.g. Russian rouble plummeted in 2015 but Russians with investment property were not impacted.
What are the impacts of non national ownership of property?
Increase of house prices, charter changes with shops and restaurants, Kensington locals complain about Qatari supercars keeping people awake and a surge in house prices makes buying a first time difficult.
How can UK citizens change place identities?
This is done in coastal areas of France or Spain. Visible changes occur due to outward migration of British retirees abroad, this replaces the cultural landscape with British and the scape such as pubs hotels etc
What is cultural cohesion?
The capacity of different national and ethnic groups to make a mutual commitment to live together as citizens
How is national identity complex?
Multi ethnic a multicultural nations through high levels of migration e.g. Singapore on UK.
Many people have split loyalties to former and host nations e.g. British Indian cricket supporter is living in the UK but support India.
When borders were created by colonial powers different ethnic groups identify with each other rather than the country e.g. Rwanda Houthi and Tutsi.
Different nations may make up one state and this can confuse loyalties.
How is national identity less complex?
When countries have low migration rates, multiculturalism and have homogenous cultures e.g. Japan or Iceland.
Borders are clear and defined and formed physically e.g. France and Spain.
Government action and policy strengthen national identity e.g. USA standing for national anthem by pledging allegiance to the flag.
