EQ1 Flashcards
How do national core-periphery regions explain migration?
These develop and strengthen over time because of positive feedback.
This is because uneven economic growth links to a natural advantage over countries (coastline or raw materials). Overtime initial imbalance become exaggerated due to perceptual outflows of migrants, resources and investments - flows are called backwash.
What is rural to urban migration caused by?
Introduction of mechanised agriculture and land grabs by states and agribusiness. These are complemented by employment pull factors - linked with growth in exporting processing zones.
What is China’s urban population? And why is it’s internal migration levels so high?
60% in 2020, since 1978, 250 million people have moved from rural to urban areas.
It has a natural advantage of being on the coast, it receives SEZs which are its backwash flows
How is rural to urban migration prevented in China?
By Hukou household registration systems, that restricts free movement within China to urban areas.
What is the 1995 Schengen agreement?
Allows freedom of movement of goods between member countries - UK did not sign but free movement was still allowed.
What are the pros and cons of the Schengen agreement?
Pro’s - passport free travel, keeps trade fast and cheap, increases integration.
Con’s - growth of nationalist movements opposed to free movements e.g. French National Rally, concern over migrant crisis in Middle East( too many migrants exceeding countries capacity)
Why may some countries have more international migrants?
Due to level of engagement with global economy, inward investment from TNCs, gov immigration laws and the state of the economy.
What are some examples of different migration policies?
Australia - very strict, use point based systems called migrant program, 50% of migrants come from 3 countries and until 1973 gov selected migrants largely on racial and ethnic basis.
Japan - strict policies, make acquisition of Japan citizenship to be a elusive goal, test has a success rate of <1%. Challenge of a ageing population, 3 workers per 2 retiree by 2060.
Singapore - liberal migration rules, open policy to economic migrants, but recognises foreign workers and foreign talents, treatment of foreign workers has been questioned as they are poorly paid with few rights.
What are some patterns of migration?
Intra regional migration in sub Saharan Africa to other sub Saharan nations.
Inter regional flows link N America with S Asia and C America.
What factors change the patterns of migration?
- environmental - climate change causing refugees e.g. Syria’s refugees partially from desertification
- economic - global financial crisis of 2008 caused economic migrants (Poland has lowest net migration since 1950)
- political - conflict causes asylum seekers, political regime changes prompt ethnic groups to flee e.g. 14m displaced in Syria since 2011.
How is migration caused by economic inequality?
Migration reproduces it because of a brain drain of talent away from source countries represents a economic loss that may only be partially offset by remittances.
What are the reasons for migration?
- work related
- family - spouses and children follow workers overseas, overtime extended family may move too as part of a process called diaspora growth.
- conflict - war, conflict and persecution are responsible for the international displacement of millions of people.
What was the 2014-2019 EU migrant crisis?
caused by migrants using shrinking world tech to find routes across EU borders.
2m migrants entered the EU by crossing the Mediterranean sea, coming for the ME, Africa and Syria.
What were the impacts of the EU migrant crisis?
Migrants arrive with no ID so its a challenge on who to provide a safe haven too, political debates over ethnicity, debates over whether passport checks should be reinstated e.g. Suicide bomber in 2015 Paris attacks was a Syrian refugee.
What is the economic rationale for permitting free movement?
Economic theory suggests that economic efficiency is maximised when goods, capital, and labour can move freely across international borders. Logic of the Schengen is rooted in an economic theory that views human beings as a economic resource that businesses make us of - so people should be allowed to move to work. Peripheral to core regions is in everyone’s interest. John Freidman said backwash is balanced by trickle down of wealth.
