EQ4 Flashcards
what are the economic costs of coastal erosion and flooding
the loss of property in the form of homes, businesses and farmland also includes repairs to infrastructure
are economic costs easy to quantify
yes these are relatively easy to quantify
what are the social costs of coastal erosion and flooding
the costs of relocation and loss of jobs but also include impacts on health such as stress and anxiety
what are the environmental costs of coastal erosion and flooding
loss of coastal ecosystems and habitats
are environmental costs easy to quantify
almost impossible to quantify financially
consequences of erosion are normally small because…
Erosion is incremental, with a small number of properties affected over a long period of time
Property at risk loses its value long before its destroyed by erosion, because potential buyers recognise the risk
define hard engineering
this involves building structures along the coast
what are the 5 hard engineering structures
groynes
sea walls
offshore barriers
rip rap
revetments
advantages of groynes
-built up beach increases tourism potential
-groynes work with natural processes
-not too expensive
disadvantages of groynes
-groynes starve beaches further along the coast causing increased erosion somewhere else (TGS)
-groynes are unnatural and can be visually obtrusive
cost of groynes
£5000 to £10,000 each with 200m intervals
advantages of sea walls
-effective prevention of erosion and flooding
-normally has a promenade for people to walk across
disadvantages of sea walls
-deflects waves energy does not absorb energy
-expensive to build and maintain
-can be intrusive and unnatural looking
cost of sea walls
A. £20,000 per metre
B. £6,000 per metre
C. £2,500 per metre
B. £6,000
advantages of rip rap
-its relatively easy and cheap to construct and maintain
-used to fish from or sunbathing by tourists
disadvantages of rip rap
-can become dangerous when people are climbing on them
-rocks are normally from elsewhere meaning they may look out of place
- intrusive
cost of rip rap
A. £40,000-£50,000 per 100m
B. £450,000-£500,000 per 100m
C.£100,000-£300,000 per 100m
C £100,000-£300,000 per 100m
advantage of using revetments
-relatively inexpensive to build
disadvantage of using reventments
-needs high levels of maintenance
-unnatural looking and intrusive
cost of revetments
A.£4500 per metre
B.£5000 per metre
C.£8000 per metre
A. £4500 per metre
advantage of offshore barriers
-an effective permeable barrier
disadvantages of offshore barriers
-visually unappealing
-potential navigation hazard
cost of offshore barriers
C. £100,000-£300,000 dependant on the rocks/material used
define soft engineering
this approach is designed to work with natural processes in the coastal system to manage erosion
what are the 4 examples of soft engineering methods
beach nourishment
cliff regrading and drainage
marsh creation
dune stabilisation
advantages of beach nourishment
-natural looking as it blends in with natural beach
- bigger beach creates tourist potential
disadvantages of beach nourishment
-needs constant maintenance due to the coast natural processes of erosion and longshore drift transporting sediment along the coast
cost of beach nourishment
A. £30,000 per 100m
B. £50,000 per 100m
C. £300,000 per 100m
C. £300,000 per 100m
how does cliff regrading and drainage work
the cliffs angle is reduced to help stabilise it and the drainage removes water to prevent landslides and slumping
advantages of cliff regrading and drainage
-regrading can work on clay or loose rock where other methods cannot
-drainage is cost effective
disadvantage of cliff regrading and drainage
-effective regrading does cause cliff retreat
-drainage of cliffs can lead to them becoming dry resulting to rock falls
what is dune stabilisation
marram grass is planted within dunes to stabilise dune sediment
advantages of dune stabilisation
-it maintains a natural coastal environment
-it provides important wildlife habitats
-relatively cheap and sustainable
disadvantages of dune stabilisation
-time consuming to plant marram grass
-people may respond negatively to being told they cannot go into certain areas
what is the cost of dune stabilisation
A. £2000 - £3000 per 100m
B. £100 - £200 per 100m
C. £200 - £2000 per 100m
£200 - £2000 for 100m
what is salt marsh creation
a form of managed retreat where an area of low lying coast is allowed to be flooded by the sea – becomes a salt marsh
advantages of salt marsh creation
its relatively cheap because it often involves land reverting to its original state before it was used for agriculture
it creates a natural defence – providing a buffer to powerful waves
creates an important wildlife habitat
disadvantage of salt marsh creation
agricultural land is lost
farmers or land owners need to be compensated £££££
what does SMP stand for
shoreline management plan
what does CBA stand for
cost benefit analysis
What does ICZM stand for
intergrated coastal zone management
what does EIA stand for
Environmental impact assessment
what are the 4 coastal management policy options
hold the line
no active intervention
managed realignment
advance the line
what happens when they use ‘holding the line’ coastal management policy option
build or maintain coastal defences so that the position of the shoreline remains the same overtime
what happens when they use ‘no active intervention’ coastal management policy option
no investment into defending against flooding or erosion. the coast is allowed to erode and flood
what happens when they use ‘managed realignment’ coastal management policy option
allows the coastline to move naturally but manage the process to direct it in certain areas it is sometime called ‘strategic realignment’
what happens when they use the ‘advance the line’ coastal management policy
build new coastal defences on the coastline usually involves land reclamation.
