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Physical Geography: Coasts > EQ4 > Flashcards

EQ4 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the economic costs of coastal erosion and flooding

A

the loss of property in the form of homes, businesses and farmland also includes repairs to infrastructure

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2
Q

are economic costs easy to quantify

A

yes these are relatively easy to quantify

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3
Q

what are the social costs of coastal erosion and flooding

A

the costs of relocation and loss of jobs but also include impacts on health such as stress and anxiety

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4
Q

what are the environmental costs of coastal erosion and flooding

A

loss of coastal ecosystems and habitats

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5
Q

are environmental costs easy to quantify

A

almost impossible to quantify financially

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6
Q

consequences of erosion are normally small because…

A

Erosion is incremental, with a small number of properties affected over a long period of time

Property at risk loses its value long before its destroyed by erosion, because potential buyers recognise the risk

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7
Q

define hard engineering

A

this involves building structures along the coast

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8
Q

what are the 5 hard engineering structures

A

groynes
sea walls
offshore barriers
rip rap
revetments

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9
Q

advantages of groynes

A

-built up beach increases tourism potential
-groynes work with natural processes
-not too expensive

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10
Q

disadvantages of groynes

A

-groynes starve beaches further along the coast causing increased erosion somewhere else (TGS)
-groynes are unnatural and can be visually obtrusive

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11
Q

cost of groynes

A

£5000 to £10,000 each with 200m intervals

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12
Q

advantages of sea walls

A

-effective prevention of erosion and flooding
-normally has a promenade for people to walk across

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13
Q

disadvantages of sea walls

A

-deflects waves energy does not absorb energy
-expensive to build and maintain
-can be intrusive and unnatural looking

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14
Q

cost of sea walls
A. £20,000 per metre
B. £6,000 per metre
C. £2,500 per metre

A

B. £6,000

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15
Q

advantages of rip rap

A

-its relatively easy and cheap to construct and maintain
-used to fish from or sunbathing by tourists

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16
Q

disadvantages of rip rap

A

-can become dangerous when people are climbing on them
-rocks are normally from elsewhere meaning they may look out of place
- intrusive

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17
Q

cost of rip rap
A. £40,000-£50,000 per 100m
B. £450,000-£500,000 per 100m
C.£100,000-£300,000 per 100m

A

C £100,000-£300,000 per 100m

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18
Q

advantage of using revetments

A

-relatively inexpensive to build

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19
Q

disadvantage of using reventments

A

-needs high levels of maintenance
-unnatural looking and intrusive

20
Q

cost of revetments
A.£4500 per metre
B.£5000 per metre
C.£8000 per metre

A

A. £4500 per metre

21
Q

advantage of offshore barriers

A

-an effective permeable barrier

22
Q

disadvantages of offshore barriers

A

-visually unappealing
-potential navigation hazard

23
Q

cost of offshore barriers

A

C. £100,000-£300,000 dependant on the rocks/material used

24
Q

define soft engineering

A

this approach is designed to work with natural processes in the coastal system to manage erosion

25
Q

what are the 4 examples of soft engineering methods

A

beach nourishment
cliff regrading and drainage
marsh creation
dune stabilisation

26
Q

advantages of beach nourishment

A

-natural looking as it blends in with natural beach
- bigger beach creates tourist potential

27
Q

disadvantages of beach nourishment

A

-needs constant maintenance due to the coast natural processes of erosion and longshore drift transporting sediment along the coast

28
Q

cost of beach nourishment
A. £30,000 per 100m
B. £50,000 per 100m
C. £300,000 per 100m

A

C. £300,000 per 100m

29
Q

how does cliff regrading and drainage work

A

the cliffs angle is reduced to help stabilise it and the drainage removes water to prevent landslides and slumping

30
Q

advantages of cliff regrading and drainage

A

-regrading can work on clay or loose rock where other methods cannot
-drainage is cost effective

31
Q

disadvantage of cliff regrading and drainage

A

-effective regrading does cause cliff retreat
-drainage of cliffs can lead to them becoming dry resulting to rock falls

32
Q

what is dune stabilisation

A

marram grass is planted within dunes to stabilise dune sediment

33
Q

advantages of dune stabilisation

A

-it maintains a natural coastal environment
-it provides important wildlife habitats
-relatively cheap and sustainable

34
Q

disadvantages of dune stabilisation

A

-time consuming to plant marram grass
-people may respond negatively to being told they cannot go into certain areas

35
Q

what is the cost of dune stabilisation
A. £2000 - £3000 per 100m
B. £100 - £200 per 100m
C. £200 - £2000 per 100m

A

£200 - £2000 for 100m

36
Q

what is salt marsh creation

A

a form of managed retreat where an area of low lying coast is allowed to be flooded by the sea – becomes a salt marsh

37
Q

advantages of salt marsh creation

A

its relatively cheap because it often involves land reverting to its original state before it was used for agriculture

it creates a natural defence – providing a buffer to powerful waves

creates an important wildlife habitat

38
Q

disadvantage of salt marsh creation

A

agricultural land is lost

farmers or land owners need to be compensated £££££

39
Q

what does SMP stand for

A

shoreline management plan

40
Q

what does CBA stand for

A

cost benefit analysis

41
Q

What does ICZM stand for

A

intergrated coastal zone management

42
Q

what does EIA stand for

A

Environmental impact assessment

43
Q

what are the 4 coastal management policy options

A

hold the line
no active intervention
managed realignment
advance the line

44
Q

what happens when they use ‘holding the line’ coastal management policy option

A

build or maintain coastal defences so that the position of the shoreline remains the same overtime

45
Q

what happens when they use ‘no active intervention’ coastal management policy option

A

no investment into defending against flooding or erosion. the coast is allowed to erode and flood

46
Q

what happens when they use ‘managed realignment’ coastal management policy option

A

allows the coastline to move naturally but manage the process to direct it in certain areas it is sometime called ‘strategic realignment’

47
Q

what happens when they use the ‘advance the line’ coastal management policy

A

build new coastal defences on the coastline usually involves land reclamation.

Physical Geography: Coasts (5 decks)

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