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Physical Geography: Coasts > CASE STUDIES > Flashcards

CASE STUDIES Flashcards

1
Q

Isle of Purbecks southern coast is a concordant or discordant coastline

A

CONCORDANT

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2
Q

what is the geology of the isle of purbeck

A

The geology of the isle of Purbeck varies between the harder more resistant Purbeck limestone and less resistant clays and sands

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3
Q

how did lulworth cove form in the Isle of Purbeck

A

the sea gradually eroded the resistant Purbeck limestone at the entrance to lulworth cove. Then, rapid coastal recession occurred due to the less-resistant unconsolidated sediment, clay behind the limestone which led to the formation of the cove

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4
Q

lulworth cove led to the formation of a bay which leads to increased what

A

increased inland erosion

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5
Q

how do bays affect the ways that waves enter the bay

A

The waves energy is dissipated and reduced. This leads to the deposition of sediment forming a beach

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6
Q

Isle of Purbecks eastern coast is a concordant or discordant coastline

A

DISCORDANT

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7
Q

where is a dalmatian coast

A

The dalmatian coast in Croatia

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8
Q

what is the dalmatian coast

A

It is composed of long, narrow islands running parallel to the coastline and separated by narrow sea channels. These sea channels are also called sounds. They are produced by rising sea-level flooding the shoreline with the geological structure of folds aligned parallel to the coast.

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9
Q

what is a haff coast named after

A

Named after the Haffs, or lagoons of the southern shore of the baltic sea, which are enclosed by sand spits or dunes.

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10
Q

where is a discordant coastline

A

West cork coast, Ireland

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11
Q

what are discordant coastlines feature

A

Discordant coastlines are dominated by headlands with resistant rock and bays that have less resistant rock

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12
Q

what is the morphology of west cork coast and how has it led to the formation of headlands and bays

A

In the west cork coast in Ireland there are rock strata that meet the coast at 90 degrees in parallel bands. Weaker rocks have been eroded, whereas the more-resistant rocks form headlands.

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13
Q

what type of rock has led to the formation of the clear island in west cork

A

It has particularly resistant areas that are detached islands such as the clear island formed by old red sandstone.

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14
Q

boxing day earthquake caused the sea level to rise or fall

A

rise
raised the seabed reducing the capacity of the entire Indian Ocean by 0.1mm

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15
Q

what are islands at risk of coastal flooding due to height

A

The Maldives in the Indian Ocean, and Tuvalu and Vanuatu in the Pacific

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16
Q

describe the maldives population

A

The Maldives has a population of 340,000 people spread out across 1200 islands

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17
Q

what is the highest height of the maldives islands

A

The highest point in the country is a mere 2.3m above sea level.

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18
Q

A sea level rise of 50cm by 2100 would lead to the Maldives losing .%.?.. of its land

A

losing 77% of its land.

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19
Q

where has subsidence occured

A

Bangladesh’s estuarine islands have sunk as much as 1.5m in the last 50 years

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20
Q

what has led to subsidence within Bangledesh

A

Isostatic readjustment is partly responsible, but the main reason is clearance and drainage of more than 50 large islands in the ganges-brahmaputra river delta

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21
Q

why have the islands been cleared in the ganges river

A

islands used to be forested but are now cleared to grow rice and fed the countries population

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22
Q

what did bangladesh do in the 1960s to try protect the islands from further flooding

A

large embankments of earth were built around these islands to protect them against tidal and storm surge flooding

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23
Q

what was a problem with protecting the islands from flooding in Bangladesh using embankments

A

prevents natural deposition of sediment that used to maintain the islands height, now they’re quickly submerging and millions of people living on them are at risk of flooding

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24
Q

Bangladesh is particularly vulnerable to the impacts of tropical cyclones for a number of reasons can you list them

A

Much of the country is a very low-lying river delta, only 1-3m above the sea level

Incoming storm surges often meet the river ganges discharge causing river and coastal flooding

Intense rainfall occurs contributing to the flooding

Almost all the coastline consists of unconsolidated delta sediment, which is very prone to erosion

Deforestation of the coastal mangrove forests has removed vegetation which once stabilised coastal swamps and dissipated wave energy during tropical cyclones

The funnel shape of the bay of bengal concentrates the cyclones storm surge towards bangladesh and increasings its height as it travels towards the land

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25
Q

what factors have led to fallen death tolls within Bangladesh when cyclones occur

A

the death tolls have fallen due to improved warning systems, construction of cyclone shelters and better aid response.

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26
Q

what are the physical impacts of cyclones on the bangladesh coastline

A

The physical impacts are that cyclones in bangladesh cause many metres of coastal erosion eroding farmland and reshaping the coastline.

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27
Q

what are the social impacts of cyclones

A

cyclones and storm surges force millions of people away from their homes and farms in the densely populated coastal regions

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28
Q

where did cyclone sidr form

A

Cyclone Sidr came from the bay of Bengal on 15 November 2007

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29
Q

what height cyclones sidr’s storm surge get to

A

bringing with it a storm surge which reached heights of 6 metres.

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30
Q

how did the coastal topography of bangladesh worsen the storm surges effect

A

This rise in sea level is intensified in areas where the coastline is funnel shaped.

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31
Q

death toll of cyclone sidr

A

Cyclone Sidr killing 3363 people.

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32
Q

what category storm was cyclone sidr

A

4

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33
Q

what caused the North Sea storm surge in 2013

A

The combination of low pressure and strong winds led to a significant storm surge across the east coast of scotland and england as well as the southern coasts of belgium

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34
Q

what was the highest point of the north sea storm surge

A

5.8 metres!!

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35
Q

what cyclone caused the North Sea storm surges

A

Cyclone Xaver was what resulted in the North sea storm surges.

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36
Q

death count of cyclone xaver

A

15 people

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37
Q

social costs of cyclone xaver

A

Thousands of people were evacuated from their homes.
Emergency services were under severe pressure.
The cost of repair ran over one billion pounds.
100,00 homes lost power.
About 2500 coastal homes and businesses in the UK was flooded.

38
Q

physical impacts of cyclone xaver

A

There was significant coastal flooding in Boston, Hull, Skegness, Rhyl and Whitby
Scotland’s rail network was shut down

39
Q

where are they building storm surge barriers

A

netherlands
the UK

40
Q

why did the netherlands build storm surge barrier

A

The Netherlands constructed a series of delta works in response to the 1953 storm surge

41
Q

what are the delta works in the netherlands made up of and what is it designed to protect the country from

A

Delta works consist of a series of dams and storm surge barriers, designed to protect the country from flooding by the North Sea

42
Q

what is the cost of the netherlands eastern scheldt storm barrier

A

it cost 2.5 billion euros to build and 17 million euros a year to operate

43
Q

why have london built a storm surge barrier

A

Its built to protect the flood plain of most of greater london from high tides and storm surges moving up from the north sea

44
Q

what has the storm surge barrier allowed london to become

A

The barrier has prevented flooding and helped london to grow into a capital city

45
Q

the cost of the london storm surge barrier

A

It cost £583 million to build in 1982

46
Q

what is the first nation that have protected all their mangrove forests

A

SRI LANKA

47
Q

how many hectares of mangrove forests do sri lanka protect

A

Its scheme will protect all 8800 hectares of remaining forest

48
Q

Which UK coastline is the fastest eroding coastline in europe

A

Holderness Coastline

49
Q

what towns are impacted by the erosion that takes place on the holderness coastline

A

Hornsea
Mappleton
Withernsea
Easington
Spurn point
Hull

50
Q

what physical factors cause the erosion of the holderness coastline

A

geology
fetch
longshore drift and beach material
sub aerial processes
coastal erosion

51
Q

what are the human factors that cause the erosion of the holderness coastline

A

economic and social loss
coastal management

52
Q

what is the main geology of holderness coastline that contributes to the rapid erosion

A

boulder clay, a mixture of fine clays and sands, its unconsolidated sediment

53
Q

what is one of the main factors effecting erosion rate on the holderness coastline

A

wave energy which depends on the FETCH (how far the wave travelled)

53
Q

TRUE OR FALSE is holderness boulder clay structurally weak and produces shallow sloping cliffs

A

TRUE
lacks resistance to erosion which produces shallow, sloping cliffs

53
Q

Flamborough head is made out of ….?… which has lead to the formation of ….?…..

A

chalk bands

cliffs, arches, stacks

54
Q

where are the winds from that impact the holderness coastline

A

the north sea
yoohoo

55
Q

does the north sea have a large or small fetch in comparison to other oceans

A

SMALL FETCH

56
Q

what 4 factors influence the north seas fetch

A

currents
weather systems
size of north sea
depth of the north sea

57
Q

where does the UK current circulate from

A

the atlantic to the north sea

58
Q

how does the atlantic ocean influence the fetch of the north sea

A

the atlantics fetch is 5000 km more so its currents increase wave energy in the north sea leading to powerful destructive waves

59
Q

what type of weather systems pass over the north sea

A

Low pressure weather systems and storms are intense when passing over the north sea

60
Q

what do low pressure weather systems produce when passing over the north sea

A

strong winds and waves.

61
Q

what does low air pressure create within the north sea

A

low pressure air weighs less, rising sea levels, which in turn create higher tides

62
Q

how does the size of the north sea influence erosion

A

Its small and enclosed creating huge waves during storms, waves move within the sea, but cannot disperse their energy

63
Q

how does the depth of the sea floor influence erosion of the holderness coastline

A

Its relatively deep, so waves reach the cliffs without first being weakened by friction with shallow beaches

64
Q

why are the beaches an issue along the holderness coast

A

The boulder clay erodes to produce mainly clay particles, which are transported by suspension instead of accumulating on-shore as beach sand. there is never enough sand to stop the waves reaching the cliffs at high tide as the beach offer little friction to absorb wave energy,

65
Q

how is material transported by longshore drift along the holderness coast

A

southwards so the holderness cliffs are poorly protected.

66
Q

how has longshore drift impacted the erosion rate of the holderness coastline

A

Beaches south of Hornsea have reduced in width because of an imbalance between the input of sand (deposited by the swash) and the removal of sand (backswash)

67
Q

where is the only place along the holderness coastline that chemical weathering is effective

A

the chalk cliffs at Flamborough Head

68
Q

what is the main type of mechanical weathering and its effects

A

main type is freeze thaw weathering and wetting and drying of boulder clay which makes it crumbly in dry periods

69
Q

how does slumping occur due to the mechanical processes that happen to the boulder clay at holderness coastline

A

The wetting and drying of the clay causes expansion and shrinkage — producing cracks during long, dry periods. Rain then enters the cracked clay and percolates into the cliff, becoming heavier. The weakened cliff cannot support the extra weight causing the clay to slump under gravity

70
Q

what are some of the economic and social costs of the erosion at holderness coastline

A

-Golden sands holiday park, south of Withernsea, has lost 100 chalets to the sea in 15 years — the owner believes if she hadn’t lost the chalets an extra 400 tourists would have visited Withernsea helping the local economy

-It’s also predicted that 200 homes and several roads will fall into the sea between Flamborough Head and Spurn Point by 2100

-Individuals lose out both socially and financially due to coastal erosion, as there’s no compensation for loss of private property caused by coastal erosion

-2010-2012 the Yorkshire council used £1.2 million to assist those households along the coast learning to adapt. They gave financial assistance to 36 households, supported 16 relocations and 43 property demolitions

-The remainder of the money was used to help residents through the relocation and adaptation packages

71
Q

how has coastal management impacted the holderness coastlines

A

The sea wall, groynes and rock armour at Hornsea protected parts of the coast but they interrupt the flow of beach material by LSD

The beaches after Hornsea, such as Mappleton, is then starved of material and its cliffs are exposed to wave attack — known as terminal groyne syndrome

72
Q

how much of holderness’ coastline is protected using hard engineering structures

A

9.2 km is protected by hard engineering structures maintained by East Riding of Yorkshire’s Council

73
Q

examples of hard engineering structures along the holderness coastline

A

sea walls at hortsea and withernsea
groynes at mappleton

74
Q

what was the impact of building a sea wall at Hornsea

A

groynes trap and build up sediment along hornseas beaches but starve beaches downdrift at mappleton of sediment

75
Q

what was the impact of building a sea wall at withernsea

A

-the waves are now noisier when they break
-views from sea front hotels have bee restricted
-people find the rip rap at the base visually unappealing

76
Q

what was the impact of building groynes at mappleton

A

cowden, 3km south of mappleton, experienced sediment starvation which resulted in increased erosion

77
Q

who developed an ICZM for the holderness coastline

A

East riding of yorkshire council developed an ICZM in 2002

78
Q

what was the ICZM for the holderness coastline used to develop

A

An SMP from flamborough head to gibraltar point

79
Q

where has the ‘hold the line’ coastal management policy been implemented along the holderness coast

A

bridlington
hornsea
mappleton
withernsea
easington

80
Q

where has the ‘strategic realignment’ coastal management policy been implemented along the holderness coast

A

Spurn point

81
Q

where has the ‘no active intervention’ coastal management policy been implemented along the holderness coast

A

everywhere but the places listed
bridlington
hornsea
mappleton
withernsea
easington
spurn point

82
Q

who are the stakeholders that are involved when developing the SMP for the holderness coast

A

National government agencies
local governments
stakeholders in the economy
environmental stakeholders

83
Q

what did the CBA of the Holderness coastline conclude

A

-the parts of the coast that have the ‘no active intervention policy’ has no costs but there will be some economic loses (land, buildings etc)
-the benefits outweigh the costs of continuing to protect Bridlington, Hornsea and Withernsea
-the economic benefit of ‘holding the line’ at mappleton is similar to the cost
-the importance of dimlington and Easington due to the gas terminal means the benefits clearly outweigh the costs
-spurn point will be allowed to evolve – requiring minimal costs

84
Q

when managing the holderness coastline what are the issues with environmental sensitivity

A

flamborough head and spurn point are both defined as heritage coasts because of the value of their landscape.
hornsea mere is a SSSI (site of special scientific interest)
flamborough head is a special area of conservation

85
Q

when managing holderness coastline what are the issues with land use and value

A

the holderness coastline consists of agricultural land which is rated on grades 1-5 (1 fab 5 very bad) 160 hectares of grade 3/4 will be lost to erosion

86
Q

when managing holderness coastline what are issues with the impact on coastal processes

A

no active intervention to flamborough head means sediment continues to be supplied

holding the line at bridlington, hornsea, withernsea etc means erosion is prevented but this interrupts the sediment supply further south

defended areas are likely to become promontories and beaches may narrow

87
Q

when managing holderness coastline what are the issues with the impact on coastal processes

A

-agriculture is a key employer in the area many jobs depend on it
-tourism is another key industry along the coast and is a major contributor to the economy
-approx. 37 homes are at risk of disappearing into the sea by 2025
-politically costs must be accepted and the ‘no active intervention policy’ may be reasonable but its rarely accepted by those affected

88
Q

TRUE or FALSE is there conflict when developing a SMP

A

TRUE there will always be winners and losers

Physical Geography: Coasts (5 decks)

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