EQ3- What Are The Consequences Of Globalisation For Global Development And The Physical Environment And How Should Different Players Respond To Its Challenges

Question 1

How is Gross national income used to measure development

Answer 1

Is a measure of a country’s wealth. Is the value of goods and services earned by a country, including overseas earnings.

Question 2

When measuring economic development why is:
- US$
- Per capita
- Purchase power parity (PPP)
Used

Answer 2

US$- is the most stable currency in the world, so easier to compare development over a number of years

Per capita- gives data on average per person, puts population into perspective

PPP- Reflects the cost of living in a country by showing spending power

Question 3

What is the economic sector balance as a measure of economic development and how does it change as a country develops

Answer 3

Shows the percentage of contribution of primary, secondary and tertiary sectors to GNI.

As countries develop there is a decline in the primary industry and a growth in the secondary industry

Question 4

Describe the differences in the Lorenz curve between Bangladesh, Brazil and the UK

Answer 4

The curve is a measure of the distribution of income in a country to measure inequality.

Bangladesh has the most equal distribution of income, where 20% of the population earn 10% of the nations income. This is more equal compared to the UK , where 20% of the population earn 5% of the nations income, and Brazil, where 20% of the population earn 2% of the nations income

Question 5

What is HDI, how is it measured

Answer 5

The human development index provides a measure of life expectancy , education and GDP for every country. Shows how people benefit from economic growth, put into a value between 0 (low) and 1 (high).

Question 6

What is the Social Progress Index (SPI) and why may it be a better measure of development than GDP

Answer 6

Is a measure of the wellbeing of society, everyones access to basic needs and services, education, health and a sustainable environment.

GDP does not take into account the environment, happiness or the community.

Question 7

Why does the environment decline as countries develop to emerging

Answer 7

The more a country develops the more infrastructure built, technology used, vehicles used and roads built, which are all linked to energy production, industrialised processes and road transport. These processes all produce pollutants which worsen the air quality and cause environmental decline.

Question 8

Why would a countries pollution levels start to decline when they reach a high level of development

Answer 8

They start to focus more on the environment and reducing air pollution rather than having a sole focus on economic development. They start to control vehicle emissions, record air quality and outsource manufacturing

Question 9

Explain the income inequality within a country like China

Answer 9

Incomes are not usually distributed evenly within a country, higher income is concentrated where economic development occurs

In China, the East has the highest incomes, due to most economic development occurring there and it mainly being secondary and tertiary jobs . In the West incomes are below average due to most jobs being in the primary sector, with high levels of poverty.

Question 10

What are the social and economic disadvantages of income inequality

Answer 10

Social
Can cause tension between poorer and richer members of society
Higher crime rates and imprisonment
Poorer health

Economic
Lower long term GDP growth rates
Lower education levels which effects the quality of the workforce
High unemployment and economically inactive members of society

Question 11

Define a melting pot

Why is London described as a melting pot

Answer 11

Is a place where a variety of races, cultures and individuals assimilate into a cohesive whole.

In London, there are residents from every country, speaking almost every language.

Question 12

Explain how open borders have led to a melting point

How is it changing in London

Answer 12

Has allowed people from different countries to migrate and live in London, EU citizens are free to move around the EU.

In London, Brexit has led to restricted free movement.

Question 13

Explain how FDI has led to a melting point.

How will this change in London

Answer 13

London has attracted 35% of firms who moved their European headquarters. Is a recipient of FDI from France, Japan, Australia, Canada, India and Ireland.

More firms see London as a location for FDI, with its high accessibility, communication and global influence as a world hub.

Question 14

Define Diaspora and give an example

Answer 14

Is the movement or migration of people who share a national and ethnic identity away from their perceived household.

The Jamaican diaspora consists of those of Jamaican nationality and descent living in the UK, USA and Canada, setting up their own small communities.

Question 15

Explain how Diasporas can arise from globalisation

Answer 15

Can lead to large volumes of people from the same country migrating due to law changes (EU free movement) in search of a better job, lifestyle or quality of life. People look for other people from the same country when they migrate, seeing diasporas arise.

Question 16

Why has immigration become a controversial issue

Answer 16

Some extreme political parties have grown in popularity and adopt the view that migrants are leading to overpopulation, overcrowded schools and healthcare and increased unemployment. Has led to tensions between countries like Greece and Turkey over the flow of Syrian refugees.

Question 17

Identify and explain the players involved in the Dam water conflicts over the Mekong River. (6)

Answer 17

China: Owns half the length of the Mekong, damming the river for HEP would encourage economic development in one of China’s poorest regions.

Myanmar: none of its tributaries would be effected by dam proposals.

Thailand: would like the water and gas produced from HEP for industrial development and to aid rural development .

Laos: one of the world’s poorest countries and 90% of its population depend on the Mekong, dams would reduce river flow.

Cambodia: depends on the Mekong for its annual flooding of its rice growing areas. HEP could boost development but could also displace villagers who live beside the river.

Vietnam: supports 40% of the population and allows rice growth, the dam will reduce river flow.

Question 18

Define Liberalism

Answer 18

Is a philosophy based on liberty and equality, supporting free markets, free trade and civil rights.

Question 19

Explain China’s censorship as an example to control globalisation

Answer 19

Is a single party, communist state
The free flow of ideas and information is perceived as a threat
Enforced a censorship of internet content, overseas TV, Media, Film, video games and texts.
Chinese news and broadcasting are run officially by state media.

Question 20

Explain limiting immigration as a attempt to control globalisation

Answer 20

Across Europe, USA and Australia there have been debates about migration controls.
The UK has focused on limiting net migration, which is difficult due to EU flows, skills shortages and overseas students.

Question 21

Explain how globalisation has impacted indigenous people of Canada

Answer 21

Deep tensions between Indigenous people and non-indigenous people where genocide and abuse took place in the colonial rule. Much of indigenous land taken away during the colonial rule was not given back.
The Boreal forest in North Canada have sustained the Canadian first nations, using it for food and water to sustain life.
The river Is being polluted and poisoned by candidates to Tar sands industry, where oil deposits are extracted from open pit minds.
Indigenous communities are seeing increased health problems due to the toxic chemicals released in extraction.
Fish and meat that they usually would eat has been deformed and poisoned.
Canadian government has been accused of supporting TNCs against indigenouslandholders, favouring economic development and domestic energy production rather than the health and preservation of its communities. Canada‘s oil industry expects the government to settle ownership and royalties with first nations

Question 22

Define sustainability

Answer 22

Focuses on meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations

Question 23

How has globalisation resulted in global conscience

Answer 23

Globalisation has led to an increased access to global and western cultures, leading to calls for increased rights and changes around the world.

Question 24

Define an ecological footprint

Answer 24

Is a measure of the land area and water resources that a population needs in order to produce what it consumes, using current technology

Question 25

Explain local transition towns as a solution to globalisations incompatibility with sustainable development.

Advantages and disadvantages

Answer 25

Is where a small number of towns have vowed to promote local sourcing of goods, to increase sustainability and reduce their carbon footprint and reliance on oil.

A- reduces consumption by repairing or reusing goods, reduces waste and pollution, supports local businesses

D- threaten economic growth as there is a reduced demand for overseas goods, some services (buses) are co-ordinated centrally so are hard to influence

Question 26

Explain Fair-trade as a solution to globalisations incompatibility with sustainable development

Advantages and disadvantages

Answer 26

Aims to return a bigger proportion of the revenue to producers or growers, fairtrade products are guaranteed as ethically produced.

A- improves living standards of producers in developing countries, revenue gained is usually put towards improving hospitals and wells or better equipment

D- leads to higher prices for consumers, is a high cost model, lack of drive to create better efficiencies.

Question 27

Explain ethical shopping as a solution to globalisations incompatibility with sustainable development

Advantages and disadvantages

Answer 27

Is a deliberate choice of products produced under fairtrade, organic or cruelty free terms

A- helps to grow smaller and more ethical businesses, reduces CO2 emissions, buying local goods reduces transport miles

D- fairtrade can cause overproduction, organic requires more land leading to deforestation

Question 28

Explain waste and recycling as a solution to globalisations incompatibility with sustainable development

Advantages and disadvantages

Answer 28

There has been more of an emphasis on recycling and reusing waste material to stop resources depleting.

A- reduces energy consumption and pollution, slows the rate of resource depletion, decreases landfill rates

D- can be expensive to recycle and is not cost effective, recycled products are often lesser quality, recycling sites are unsafe as they produce harmful chemicals