EQ2- What Are The Impacts Of Globalisation For Countries , Different Groups Of People And Cultures And The Physical Environment

Question 1

Define the term global shift

Answer 1

Is the movement of manufacturing from europe and the USA to many asian countries

Question 2

What location will the next global shift be towards

Answer 2

Has been a steady overall growth of FDI into the Middle East and North Africa, where they have large quantities of valuable resources

Question 3

What factors accelerated the global shift towards Asia

Answer 3

Individual Asian countries, like India and China , adopted an open door policy to allow overseas companies to access their markets

TNC’s seeked new areas for manufacturing (China) and the offshoring of services (call centres in India)

FDI began to flow into the emerging Asian countries

Question 4

Explain the benefits of global shift for China (4)

Answer 4

Infrastructure-Has the worlds longest motorway network, high speed rail system linking all the major provinces, has 250 airports making it accessible globally

Poverty- over 300 million chinese people are middle class, sales of consumer items has risen, number of people in extreme poverty has decreased from 84% in 1980 to 10% in 2016

Urban incomes- have risen by 10% each year since 2005, averaging $9000. Workers in urban areas are paid more than if they remained in rural areas.

Education and training- education is free and compulsory for children between 6 and 15, with 94% of over 15’s literate. 7.2 million people have graduated for university leading to a more skilled workforce.

Question 5

Explain the drawbacks of global shift for China (6)

Answer 5

Loss of farmland - Increased loss of farmland since 2000 with land the size of Belgium polluted with metals.

Informal housing- increase due to high prices of homes. Led to expanded housing in villages and farmland being illegally developed for housing.

Pollution and health- 70% of China’s rivers and lakes are polluted , with 100 cities suffering from extreme water shortages. Air pollution killed 4400 people a day, due to Asthma and cancer

Land degradation- rapid urbanisation and industrialisation has meant 40% of farmland is suffering degradation. Has led to deforestation and intensive grazing.

Resource exploitation- China’s resources cannot keep up with demand, led to resource exploitation in Ecuador, Brazil and Venezuela for China’s consumption.

Loss of biodiversity- China’s vertebrates have declined by 50% since 1970 due to habitat loss and the degradation of natural environments

Question 6

Define and explain Deindustrialisation

Answer 6

The decline of regionally important manufacturing industries. The decline can be measured in terms of workforce numbers, output and production measures and has significant impacts on inner city areas

Question 7

Explain Deindustrialisation that occurred in Detroit, Michigan

Answer 7

Had a thriving car manufacturing industry, including Ford.
Global shift resulted in dereliction, depopulation, crime and high unemployment.
Lost a quarter of its population, with reduced tax revenue leading to the city becoming bankrupt
1/3 of families in the city have an income below the poverty level with the highest murder rate.

Question 8

Explain Deindustrialisation that occurred in Leicester

Answer 8

Over 30,000 people worked in Leicester’s textile mills.
Demand for extra factory workers saw Indian and Pakistani’s move to the inner city of Leicester
Overseas competition meant cheaper clothes were available from Asia, manufacturing jobs in Leicester were lost , leading to Deindustrialisation

Question 9

Explain the negative effects of global shift on High Income Countries

Answer 9

Dereliction and contamination :
Previous industrial land in Leicester , Sheffield and Glasgow were left abandoned or derelict . Most derelict land was contaminated from previous dumping of chemical waste and other waste disposal.

Unemployment, depopulation and deprivation:
The 1980’s saw major declines in the population of UK inner cities. Many people on low incomes or unemployed move to inner city areas, leading to pockets of deprivation.

Question 10

Name three countries the UK has a trade deficit with and explain why

Answer 10

China- telecom equipment, clothing and electrical equipment

Germany- cars, gold and petroleum

Netherlands- raw materials, machinery and chemicals

Question 11

Name three countries the UK has a trade surplus with and why

Answer 11

USA- Cars, medicine, petroleum

Canada- electronic equipment, medical equipment

Brazil- pharmaceuticals, chemicals and electrical

Question 12

Define a megacity

Answer 12

Is a city with a population of over 10 million

Question 13

What has been the trend of megacities in the past, present and future

Answer 13

The growth of megacities has continued, in 1950 there was 2 and now there are 32

Most megacities are seen in Asia, although in Africa rapid urbanisation is likely to take place

By 2030 over 9% of the world’s population will live in megacities

Question 14

What is a world city (hub city)

Give examples

Answer 14

Is a city with a major influence on finance, law, political strength, innovation and ICT.

Tokyo, London and New York are world cities

Question 15

Define hyper-urbanisation

Why is New Delhi experiencing it

Answer 15

Occurs where urbanisation and population growth happens so fast that authorities are unable to provide basic needs

A high birth rate and low death rate has seen a 40% population growth between 2010 and 2020. Also has a fast rate of rural to urban migration.

Question 16

Summarise the push and pull factors that create rural to urban migration and urban growth

Answer 16

Push
Rural poverty
Lack of services 
Low pay 
Drought and flooding
Lack of opportunities
Lack of investment 

Pulls 
Better quality of life 
Better services (education, health and entertainment)
Better paid jobs 
Better opportunities
Better housing
Growth in outsourcing jobs

Question 17

Summarise the social challenges of rapid urban growth in New Delhi

Answer 17

Low tax offered to TNC’s means government struggle to provide housing and education

Private companies who provide water and healthcare will target wealthier areas, restricting poorer areas

Sprawling squatter settlements due to uncontrollable urban growth

Rise in homelessness due to the high cost of housing

Question 18

Summarise the environmental challenges of rapid urban growth in New Delhi

Answer 18

High air pollution (Is India’s 5th largest killer)

Rapid growth in vehicles (26 million by 2025)

Sewage pollution, chemical dumping from factories and fuel spillages

Question 19

Describe the pattern of flows in international migration

Explain the reasons for these flows

Answer 19

Most occur from developing countries to developed countries

Most occur due to the improved quality of life, better pay, better access to services and better job opportunities in developed countries

Question 20

What is an elite migrant

What has their effect been in London

Answer 20

Is the flow of skilled and wealthy migrants , usually experts in finance and investment

Foreign buyers were involved in 82% of property deals in Central London. High demand for property has led to price inflation, making it too expensive for most residents.

Question 21

What are low wage migrants

What effects have they had on Qatar and UAE

Answer 21

Are migrants who are recruited for their manual labour skills , are paid a low wage

Migrants make up 90% of the UAE workforce, contributing towards building high end infrastructure. Migrants entry visa’s are tied to their job, so are at risk of being deported . Only earn $4 a day and 964 wirkers died in 2014 in work related incidents

Question 22

What are the advantages and disadvantages of migration for the host country

Answer 22

A
Receives skilled foreign workers
Fills skill shortages in key areas
Can sustain a growing leisure and tourism sector
Some migrants are entrepreneurs and set up successful businesses in host countries

D
Experience pressure on housing, healthcare and school places
Human rights issues on forced labour, can cause conflict with other countries

Question 23

What are the advantages and disadvantages of migration for the source country

Answer 23

A
Experiences reduced unemployment as people migrate to find jobs elsewhere
Earn remittance payments, sent home by overseas migrants
Remittance payments can be used to build homes or invest in local business

D
Loses its most skilled and dynamic workers, in key industries (doctors and nurses) and those with business skills
Suffers an imbalanced population , young workers leave
Risk of abuse and death of migrants, can lead to debt and poverty of people in source country
Closure of urban services and entertainment due to a lack of young adults

Question 24

How has Cuba changed in recent years due to globalisation

Answer 24

Cuban government declared Cuba a communist state in 1960, resulting in its isolation from the western capitalist world for 50 years.

A reduction in subsidies from the USSR saw free enterprise businesses set up in the country and accept foreign capital, through tourism.

Cuba allowed its people to set up their own private business and take out loans

Cuba adopted a open door policy leading to relationships with the USA and state owned businesses privatised.

However its led to a growing inequality , with a difference in wage between the working population and successful entrepreneurs

Question 25

Define Cultural erosion

Answer 25

Is the loss of language and culture as a result of an open door policy

Question 26

Define cultural diffusion

Answer 26

Is the spread of one culture to another by various means

Question 27

Define and explain capitalism

Answer 27

An economic system based on private ownership of investment capital and wealth production, where goods and services are sold for profit. Also known as free enterprise and market economy

Question 28

Define and explain communism

Answer 28

A socio-economic system where the land and all property is owned by the state , so that every person contributes and receives according to their needs. The state controls or owns most resources , banks and media

Question 29

How has British culture been influenced by other cultures

Answer 29

British culture has been transformed by decades of inwards migration. There are many different cultures, religions and food cuisines from all over the world . Television and media is largely imported from countries across the world

Question 30

How has cultural change contributed towards the change in global media (TV, News and Music)

Answer 30

Ownership of global broadcasting film and music industries are becoming concentrated under the control of large TNC’s.

Common language is starting to erode cultural diversity, leading to a global homogenisation of culture, where everyone becomes the same.

Question 31

How has cultural change contributed towards the loss of indigenous tribes

Answer 31

More indigenous tribes are becoming aware of western culture and lifestyles, wearing modern westernised clothing.

Many young indigenous people are moving to urban areas for income, education and health improvements.

Question 32

How has cultural change contributed towards TNC’s spread of western foods

Answer 32

Increased media coverage of western lifestyle has seen a demand for western products and food. Western food TNC’s are becoming more popular across the world.

Question 33

How has cultural change contributed towards Indonesia forests being burnt for palm oil

Answer 33

Increasing awareness of western products has seen a global increase in demand for products that use palm oil.

Pressure on less developed countries, like Indonesia , to supply palm oil to be able to economically benefit, leads to the degradation of the environment.

Question 34

Explain how France has reacted to globalisation

Answer 34

Is protective of its culture and language , being supportive and providing subsidies for French filmmakers. 40% of television output must be french productions and French music is promoted on radio.

Question 35

Explain how China has reacted to globalisation

Answer 35

Prevents internet users from using BBC or Facebook services. The government sets a 34 foreign film quota a year. Western culture is progressing in China and many residents now celebrate Christmas.

Question 36

Explain how Nigeria has reacted to globalisation

Answer 36

Large foreign TNC’s such as royal dutch shell have degraded Nigeria’s environment, due to oil spillages

Question 37

What is cultural imperialism

Answer 37

Is the promotion and imposition of western culture on to less powerful countries around the world . Also called Americanisation and Westernisation.

Question 38

Define Pessimistic hyper globalisers

Define Optimistic hyper globalisers

Answer 38

People who think languages around the world are disappearing and fear a global trends in the devaluing of ecosystems

People who think globalisation and cultural erosion can bring positive change on a worldwide scale

Question 39

Explain Iran’s resistance to globalisation and culture diffusion

Answer 39

The government had barbie doll’s banned as they had an un-islamic message.
The government is now more liberal due to their need for international cooperation and because people were already accessing banned social media.

Question 40

Explain the challenges for deindustrialised regions after the global shift (4)

Answer 40

High unemployment- Detroit has yet to replace large job losses when the global shift occurred.

Crime- increased poverty leads to rising gun crime, drug related crime and theft in deindustrialised areas of the USA

Depopulation- when less jobs are available people leave the area, resulting in falling house prices.

Dereliction- manufacturing industry collapsing, falling house prices and rising crime results in dereliction.

Question 41

Define an internal migrant

Answer 41

Is someone who moves from rural to urban areas within a country

Question 42

Define Intervening obstacles

Answer 42

Are barriers to a migrant such as a political border or physical feature

Question 43

Define centripetal migration

Answer 43

Is the movement of people directed towards the centre of urban areas

Question 44

Define cultural traits

Answer 44

Are the components of culture, such as the clothes of people or their language

Question 45

Define soft power

Answer 45

Is the global influence a country derives from its culture, its political values and diplomacy.

Question 46

Explain the cultural traits of a country (5)

Answer 46

Language-some countries have a single national language with several local languages

Traditions- everyday behaviour transmitted from generation to generation

Religion- several world religions with local variants, influences food and clothing

Clothing - climate and religion can effect clothing

Food- national dishes and diets

Question 47

Explain the different responses to cultural diversity and change (more responsive to least) (6)

Answer 47

Hybridism- adopts and absorbs new migrant values
Pluralism- tolerate equal rights for all migrants to practice religion and cultural beliefs
Citizenship- rules for migrants become stricter
Assimilation- a belief minority traits should disappear as immigrants adopt host values.
Religious intolerance- lower levels of freedom for minority groups to practice religion.
Closed door to migration- stopping immigration for fears of cultural dilution.