EQ3: How is regeneration managed?

Question 1

What are the different types of infrastructure?

Answer 1

INFRASTRUCTURE - The basic physical systems of a place:

• ECONOMIC Infrastructure includes highways, energy distribution, water and sewage facilities, and telecommunication networks.
• SOCIAL infrastructure includes public housing, hospitals, schools and universities.

Question 2

What is the difference between regeneration, rebranding and re-imaging?

Answer 2

REGENERATION
- Investment in an area, perhaps a form of infrastructure or other elements of physical fabric. Hopefully triggering a process of cumulative causation/multiplier effect via employment opportunity. The overall change is sometimes described as urban renewal.

REBRANDING
- The ‘Marketing’ aspect of regeneration designed to attract businesses, residents and visitors. It often includes re-imaging as in an increasingly globalised, competitive and consumer-orientated world, cities have been forced to think more creatively in order to continue attracting visitors and investment.

RE-IMAGING
- The area is ‘sold’ or ‘advertised’ to change the impression investors have of the area and attracting people to it.
E.g. Saigon was renamed Ho Chi Minh City in 1976, ‘Big Apple’ or ‘The city that never sleeps’ for New York.

Question 3

What role do Governments play in regional growth?

Answer 3

GOV. REGIONAL GROWTH
1. The UK government can make decisions that affect the rate and type of development (affecting the economic regeneration of places) - prioritising national over local needs and opinions.

2. The government plays a crucial role in unequal regional growth by managing the country’s economic, social and physical environment through various political decisions.
3. Investment and infrastructure as well as addressing the issues of accessibility and connectivity are seen as significant factors in maintaining economic growth.
4. Since the 1980s there has been increasing privatisation and partnerships between government and private financiers. The private sector is used to design, build, finance and/or maintain public sector assets in return for long-term payments or profit from the initial revenue generated.
5. Regional growth is determined by infrastructure development, without correct infrastructure, it is harder for regions to prosper.

Question 4

Who are the different Governmental departments involved in infrastructure projects?

Answer 4

GOV. DEPARTMENTS

1. The Infrastructure and Projects Authority, part of the Treasury, was formed in January 2016 by the merger of several departments - overseeing long-term infrastructure priorities and securing private sector investment.
   a) These following departments are involved in both ‘hard’ regeneration - (capital investment, physical buildings, infrastructure) and ‘soft’ regeneration - (planning, skills and education).
   - Yet other Non-Governmental Organisation groups such as pressure groups, environmental groups and charities/individuals may get involved.
2. The Department for Communities and Local Governance (DCLG) aims to empower local people to shape their places.
   a) Including the Planning Inspectorate and Homes Communities Agency, which oversees Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA’s) and Local Enterprise Partnerships (LEP’s).
3. The Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) markets the UK’s image abroad and protects and promotes the cultural and artistic heritage and innovation.
   a) Includes Sport England and the National Lottery.
4. The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) advocates environmental stability as part of sustained economic growth.
   a) Oversee the Environmental Agency, Natural England and the National Park Authorities. Advocating environmental stability as part of sustained economic growth.
5. UK Trade and Investment supports UK businesses and encourages inward investment.
   a) Oversees the Regeneration and Investment Organisation (RIO), which is involved in large-scale flagship regeneration projects.

Question 5

What are Flagship Regeneration Projects?

Answer 5

FLAGSHIP REGENERATION PROJECTS
- Large-scale, prestigious projects, often using bold ‘signature architecture’. The hope is to generate a positive spin in a place.

Question 6

What are some examples of Flagship Regeneration Projects?

Answer 6

FLAGSHIP REGENERATION PROJECTS
1. High Speed Two (HS2) -
a) The new infrastructure of a high-speed rail network from London to Birmingham, Manchester and Leeds. It is key to the large scale Northern Powerhouse regeneration scheme.
- The train travels up to 400 km per hour.
b) To combat congestion, as the worst is found in the economic core of London extending to Birmingham/Manchester (M6) and Leeds (M1). The pollution (carbon emissions) from roads in congestion is significant in our modern climate.
c) A 2008 report estimated that by 2025, road congestion would cost the UK £22 Billion each year in lost time
60,000 construction jobs will be created.
d) Phase 1, Euston to Birmingham - which will cut journey times from 80 minutes to 49 minutes.
- Phase 2, will lead North-West to Manchester and North-East to Leeds.
- With end dates of 2026 and 2030 (shows the scale of the project).
e) Has negatives that the route will pass through the Chilterns AONB (with no immediate stations - so communities will not gain from it).
f) The costs (£50 Billion) has caused some controversy through a Cost-Benefit Analysis.
g) A rapidly growing population proves that the UK needs new infrastructure just to catch up, let alone plan for future economic growth and increase economic productivity in major cities. Most of the current rail infrastructure is Victorian and inefficient (lacking the technology and limited speeds). New routes for freight are also needed as well also in place to improve accessibility to regenerate regions.

2. Airport Development -
   a) 2015, the Airports Commission gave a clear and unanimous recommendation for an expansion plan at Heathrow, including a third runway.
   b) Cost is an estimated £18.6 billion and will be privately funded with some support infrastructure being publically funded.
   c) Anti-Expansion: London’s Mayor, local MP’s (Including Zac Goldsmith - who stood down when it got the green light), Greenpeace.
   d) Pro-Expansion was mainly Business leaders: Richard Branson, British Chambers of Commerce.
   e) Heathrow airport argued that the hub operates near full capacity, expansion is essential to keep up with demand.
   f) Could generate £100 billion of benefits nationally, protect the current 114,000 local jobs and create over 70,000 new ones.

Question 7

What is Cost-Benefit Analysis?

Answer 7

COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS

- A process by which the financial, social and environmental costs are weighed up against the benefits of a proposal.

Question 8

What factors affect Governmental regeneration policy?

Answer 8

FACTORS THAT AFFECT GOV. REGENERATION POLICY

1. Location - Urban or Rural.
2. Politics of the local area.
3. External Factors: global economic recessions and booms.
4. Quality of the bid to government or private finance to get investment.
5. The degree of ‘Pump Priming’.
6. The legacy of the past: physical/economic/social factors.
7. The legacy of the past regeneration policies.

Question 9

What is pump priming?

Answer 9

PUMP PRIMING
- The government allocating funds for regeneration expecting outside investment to help, especially needed if toxic waste needs removal.

Question 10

What are the different types of Governmental Planning and targets in regeneration projects?

Answer 10

TYPES OF GOVERNMENT PLANNING AND TARGETS

1. Planning Laws
   a) Deciding how land is used.
   b) To limit the negative impact of development and regeneration on the social, economic and natural environment.
   c) Decisions based on National interest which override local interests.
   - 2010 National Planning Policy framework has focused on stimulating economic growth.
   d) More laws in rural areas e.g national parks.
   e) Place Marketing - To either improve an existing place or completely change its image.
   f) Planning Gain - Regulates markets whereby they allow development if there is a benefit to the local community.
   g) Slow decision making may result in Planning Blight: investors are unwilling to commit until a decision is made (house prices may fall causing a downward spiral results).
   h) If a developer wants to implement a scheme, they submit a proposal to the local authority, deciding whether the current local plan fits into national guidelines.
   - Yet local authorities planning record is weak, so the can apply to the DCLG’s Planning Inspectorate because delays are negative for economic growth.
2. House Building Targets
   a) Rising house prices and rising population (and immigration) leads on the pressure to build new homes.
   b) Increased number of households as a result of high divorce rates.
   c) Overseas investors buying up property as a safe investment (but unoccupied), which then creates a further deficit.
   d) 1 million Homes are needed by 2020.
3. Housing affordability
   a) Need for more affordable housing, lots of Social housing has been lost (2 million between 1980-1995) through the Right to Buy scheme (Conservative govs favoured a market-led), leaving a shortage on those suitable properties.
   b) More expensive in urban areas due to opportunities and connections.
4. Permission for ‘fracking’
   a) Fracking could reduce the need for imported gases so governments restrictions are being loosened.
   - By 2020, the UK will be forced to import 70% of its gas.
   - Need to secure energy supplies and economic prosperity.
   b) Controversy due to ‘Adverse urbanisation effect on the landscape’ and conflicts with valued national park landscapes.
   c) National interest in investing in this energy source with 37 million m³ of shale gas in North England alone.
   d) 2011 drilling in Blackpool led to a minor earthquake and was suspended.

Question 11

What is Fracking?

Answer 11

FRACKING
- The process of drilling down into the horizontal layers of shale deep underground and then injecting a mixture of water (Hydraulic Fracking), sand and chemicals at high pressure into the shale to fracture it and release gas trapped in the rock, which can then be brought back to the surface.

Question 12

What is UK Governmental Policy on the EU free movement of Labour?

Answer 12

UK GOV. POLICY ON THE EU FREE MOVEMENT OF LABOUR

1. The UK joined the European Single Market in 1992.
   a) This allows the free movement of labour within the EU.
   b) Allowed people seeking work from other member countries to enter the UK (vice versa).
   c) Helped balance the UK’s ageing population through increased taxation revenue (economic growth).
2. EU 2004 Expansion.
   a) 8 Eastern European countries joined the EU, followed by 2 more in 2007.
   b) Included Poland, with 1.2 million Poles has settled in the UK (Slough/Corby).
   c) Poles now are the second-largest minority group.
   d) Property crime and antisocial behaviour in Corby has halved since 2006 (clear indicators of the success of this form of regeneration) as well as the setting up of Enterprises/Businesses.

Question 13

What are the positives and negatives of EU free movement of Labour?

Answer 13

EU FREE MOVEMENT OF LABOUR

1. Positives
   a) Allowed more people to work and has increased the skilled workforce, and brought in a new generation of workers.
   b) Eastern Europeans set up businesses and enterprises which stimulates economic growth.
   c) Helped to balance the ageing population through increased taxation revenue.
2. Negatives
   a) Racial tensions within a community can lead to prejudice as well as hate crimes or xenophobia.
   b) The strain on services such as the NHS and schools, which are already under pressure from overpopulation.
   c) Unskilled workforce could lead to mass unemployment which is unsustainable on the welfare state for benefits.

Question 14

What is the difference between open- and closed-door policy?

Answer 14

OPEN DOOR POLICY
- A country encourages other countries to trade with it or invest in it, and people are free to enter it to live, work…

CLOSED DOOR POLICY
- The practise of refusing to allow people from other countries to travel in or move to your country.

Question 15

What is the UK Government Policy on the Deregulation of Capital Markets?

Answer 15

UK GOV. POLICY ON THE DEREGULATION OF CAPITAL MARKETS
1. In 1986, Margaret Thatcher’s Conservative Government deregulated the UK’s financial sector, which enabled foreign investment in prime London real estate.

2. Resulted in a new era of prosperity for the UK’s financial sector, and transformed London into a major World City.
   a) Banking, finance and business equate to 30% of the UK’s GDP by 2008 (double that of 1986).
3. Removal of barriers stopping overseas banks/financial institutions from setting up offices (Until then, only UK banks could trade there).
   a) Allows foreign companies to invest in the UK infrastructure.
   b) Some banks (HSBC) have threatened to leave London for Asia, yet the government proposed a banking levy (to prevent this).
   c) Deregulation coincided with electronic trading and the regeneration of Canary Wharf leading to the creation of wealth in this dockland - acting as London 2nd CBD.
4. The London Stock Exchange had a monopoly on all share dealings but now any bank, financial advisor or individual could trade in shares. Opened freedom for individuals to invest.
   a) The industry is worth £95 billion.
   b) Financial regulation is tighter than ever - making it harder for banks to make risky investments with the Service Act of 2012 and the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA).

Question 16

What are the positives and negatives of the Deregulation of Capital Markets?

Answer 16

DEREGULATION OF CAPITAL MARKETS

1. Positives
   a) Easier for countries/foreign investors to invest in the UK without governmental approval (transforming the economy as Finance & Banking account for 30% of UK GDP in 2008 compared to 15% in 1986).
   - Enabling foreign investment in prime London real estate.
   b) Allowed regeneration projects such as the London Docklands/Canary Wharf (1987) - now acts as a second CBD alongside £95 billion London Stock Exchange industry.
   c) Foreign countries can invest in UK infrastructure - prosperity.
2. Negatives
   a) Riskier investment is more difficult to carry out as a result of recent guidelines and regulations after following the 2008 financial crash.
   b) Smaller UK banks may feel threatened by overseas banks, as global competition could potentially prevent UK banks growing.
   c) UK original banks, such as HSBC, have threatened to leave for Asia. It has also reduced the power that London’s financial market held globally.

Question 17

What is an example of a high-value quaternary industry project?

Answer 17

SCIENCE PARK
- An area devoted to scientific research or development of technological businesses. Good for an area due to investment attracted. There is strong competition between local authorities to create attractive business environments for investors and workers who are highly paid and highly skilled (quaternary jobs).

Question 18

Why might local authorities compete for science parks to settle in their area?

Answer 18

LOCAL AUTHORITIES COMPETING FOR SCIENCE PARKS TO SETTLE IN THEIR AREA

1. More money from workers into the economy (Tax).
   a) Quaternary sector jobs claim higher income from more specialised and qualified workers.
2. Attract for inward investment from business environments.
   a) Domestic and foreign investors develop local areas.
3. Workers are highly skilled and pursue good careers.
4. Attracting companies that will maintain a good reputation.
   a) This leads to a spiral of investment as similar companies move into the area with similar prospects and expertise.
5. Park makes links elsewhere in the area for jobs, apprenticeships.
   a) Local schools are involved in this knowledge industry.
6. Knowledge-based industries underpin the UK’s current economic growth.

Question 19

What is the Cambridge Science Park?

Answer 19

CAMBRIDGE SCIENCE PARK

1. Focus on the commercialisation of research since the 1970s, growing rapidly in the 1990s when life sciences began to flourish globally.
   a) Life science is now the 3rd largest UK growth sector economically.
2. Cambridge University has made a concerted effort to utilise its scientific expertise.
   a) Not only for established technology companies but also for innovative start-ups seeking to pioneer new research.
   b) This increases wealth across the region.
3. Cambridge Science Park opened with start-up companies.
   a) Large TNC’s (AstraZeneca, Toshiba and Microsoft, Royal Society of Chemistry) all base themselves in the park, so they can benefit from the technological expertise at the university.
4. Oxford University has copied this.
   a) Oxford Science park was built in the city’s outskirts.
   b) Hosts many start-up biosciences and computer hard- and software companies.
   c) Justified regeneration in the Town Centre with Westgate car park being replaced by a £500 million shopping centre and a secondary railway line to London.
   d) Continual growth has reflected in the first commercial flight between Oxford Airport and Edinburgh.

Question 20

What are Chambers of Commerce?

Answer 20

CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE
- A local association/business network who promote and protect the interests of the business community in a particular place, to encourage economic growth.
Cold Spots - Some neediest areas lack active voluntary sector involvement, called ‘cold spots’.
- Similar to local preservation societies and trade unions.

Question 21

Why might there be tensions over local regeneration projects, how might groups be categorised?

Answer 21

LOCAL REGENERATION TENSIONS

1. Regeneration planning and management involve different players involved, with differing interests and aims.
   a) There may be tensions between groups that wish to preserve places and those who seek change.
   - Yet projects must reconcile the many different interests and stakeholder groups.
   b) Groups can be categorised.
   - Socio-economic (youth and retirement groups, trade unions, chamber of commerce).
   - Environmental (local conservation or preservation societies).
   c) Areas with affluent retirees tend to have more vocal and mobilised local interest groups.

Question 22

What is the significance of historic buildings or deindustrialised sites in regeneration projects?

Answer 22

HISTORIC BUILDINGS

• Parliamentary Select Committee in 2004 concluded that many successful regeneration schemes should use historic buildings as a foundation for projects because they ‘reinforce a sense of nostalgic attachment and community’.
• They should not be used as artefacts, as new users should be allowed in the buildings and sensitive adaptions facilitated.
• Seen in New Malden with ‘Watchman’ pub and the Fountain roundabout through the mini holland cycle scheme.
• Battersea Power Station.

DEINDUSTRIALISED SITES
- Powerful British nostalgic emotional attachment to the past.
- With a mix of Sport, Leisure and Cultural catalysts being used, with infrastructure and an improved physical environment being the key to success .
- This has attracted tourism both nationally and internationally.
- 20 schemes in the UK use place identity
Which successfully integrate conservation of iconic and historic sites into commercially successful and distinctive redeveloped urban spaces.

Question 23

What were some of the tensions created by the 2012 Olympic Games?

Answer 23

LONDON 2012 TENSIONS

1. Clay Lane Estate ( a co-operative housing development for vulnerable single people, built-in 1977) was designated for the Olympic athletes’ village and the 430 residents were forced to move.
   a) Huge public opposition and even a public inquiry.
   b) Several small businesses were also evicted, such as Forman’s Salmon smokery.

Question 24

What is Destination Tourism?

Answer 24

DESTINATION TOURISM
- The decision to visit an area for a short period, based on a single attraction. Other nearby places then receive visitors on the back of this.

Question 25

What are the 4 main and 7 sub-methods of regeneration?

Answer 25

4 MAIN METHODS

1. Retail-led
2. Culture-led
3. Sport-led
4. Tourism and Leisure-led

7 SUB-METHODS

1. Marketing heritage.
   - For tourism such as the Titanic Quarter in Belfast.
2. Infrastructure.
   - To drive economic growth, such as the Heathrow expansion, HS2, park and ride.
3. Themed events -
   - Music festivals: Glastonbury.
   - Farmers markets.
   - Christmas markets (Winchester).
   - Multi-ethnic festivals (Notting Hill Carnival)
4. New settlements.
   - Relieves pressure on existing settlements.
   - Large new towns such as Milton Keynes.
   - Small eco-towns such as Bicester.
5. Sustainable communities.
   - With an environmental focus.
   - Low-carbon BedZED.
6. Technology-Led enterprise.
   - To attract new investment and economic opportunities (Cambridge Science Park).
7. Improved buildings.
   - Such as Battersea Power Station into luxury flats.

Question 26

What is an example of Retail-led regeneration?

Answer 26

RETAIL LED REGENERATION (LIVERPOOL ONE)

1. National and local authorities are heavily involved in retail planning.
   a) Local authorities decide on changes to uses of buildings.
   b) Can influence shop types and location of pedestrianised areas and alcohol-free zones.
   c) Opened in 2008 under Liverpool’s year as European Capital of Culture.
   d) Liverpool ONE is the largest open-air shopping centre in the United Kingdom.
2. Street markets and specialist shops.
   a) More likely to prosper with a unique shopping experience over a clone high street.
   b) Employs 3000 people.
   c) Over 170 bars/shops on the waterfront.
3. Yet there are challenges to the high street.
   a) Competition from out-of-town centres.
   b) The rapid growth of internet shopping (e-commerce).
   c) Liverpool ONE has been criticised for alienating local businesses, such as family departments stores.
   d) So the Government has pledged £1 billion to ensure the growth in high street jobs.

Question 27

What is an example of Culture-Led Regeneration?

Answer 27

CULTURE-LED REGENERATION (GLASGOW, EUROPEAN CAPITAL OF CULTURE 2009)

1. Rustbelt situation.
   a) Overseas competition in the late 20th century led to the collapse of Glasgow shipbuilding, steel and coal industries.
   b) This had a downward spiral of decline due to high unemployment and restriction in investment.
   c) Domino effect on local jobs/industries.
2. Glasgow was the European Capital of Culture in 1990, the UK’s City of Architecture and Design in 1999 and hosted the Commonwealth Games in 2014.
   a) Current regeneration is managed by Glasgow city council with the Government.
3. Internationally famous art museum.
   a) The UK and Scottish have invested in the new Burrel Collection to create internationally famous art to attract more tourists through a diversified economy.
   b) Other areas, such as Bristol have a self-guided tour of Banksy’s artwork through a smartphone app.
   c) Scottish Exhibition and the Museum of Travel and Transport are all located along the Clyde.
4. History of the shipbuilding industry.
   a) Clydebank’s heritage-listed Titan Crane has been refurbished as a visitor attraction and local landmark.
   b) Aim to establish Glasgow as a leading destination for tourists through brands such as “People Make Glasgow’” and “Glasgow: Scotland with style”.
   c) Increased tourism comes associated with employment opportunities in hotels, bars, retail and restaurants = a multiplier effect.
5. The government encourages private developers to build along the Clyde.
   a) In the hope of regenerating the former industrial areas.
   b) The BBC headquarters for Scottish TV and radio broadcasting opened in 2007.
   c) Commercial broadcasters STV is located next door.
6. Former iconic crane refurbished as a landmark

Question 28

What is an example of Sports-Led Regeneration?

Answer 28

SPORTS-LED REGENERATION (LONDON 2012 STRATFORD OLYMPIC PARK)

1. Effective ‘Legacy’ Plan.
   a) Inward investment is a critical spinoff for success.
   b) Had a long-lasting legacy of retaining investment in a heavily deprived area (Stratford).
   c) Temporary venues were removed (Basketball, Water Polo, Extra seating…).
   d) Olympic Village accommodates 2,800 flats and apartments, with affordable housing.
   e) Orbit architecture as a tourist destination as the world’s longest tunnel slide.
   f) Permanent sports structures (Velodrome, Aquatic Centre, Copper Box…) are still available to the public.
   g) Residents encouraged to walk or cycle around the Olympic park alongside affordable facilities.
   h) Olympics has reduced local unemployment from 13% to 9%.
2. Flagship developments
   a) Westfield Stratford City is Europe’s largest shopping centre (Key retail development).
   b) ‘Here East’ is a new digital and creative industry hub on the former Olympic media site. BY 2019 a new cultural and education centre, Olympicopolis will help expand the V&A Museum. It has superfast internet speeds from preexisting infrastructure for the Olympics, encourages tech companies to locate there.
   c) Olympic Stadium will be home to local team West Ham United.
   d) Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park has 560 acres of attractions, holding more than 5 million visitors since it opened.
   e) 10,000 new homes, two primary schools, a secondary school, nine nurseries, three health centres and multi-purpose community spaces have all been set up following 2012.
   f) Both TFL and FCA intend to have an office in the park, 25,000 jobs.

Question 29

What is an example of Tourism and Leisure-Led Regeneration?

Answer 29

TOURISM AND LEISURE-LED REGENERATION (CORNWALL)

1. Cornwall’s ‘Old economy’.
   a) Consisted of mainly primary sector jobs (Fishing and Farming, Quarrying, Tin and Copper Mining), has declined.
   b) These old industries provided all year round, permanent jobs.
2. Cornwall’s ‘New economy’ varies.
   a) It’s quaternary ‘knowledge economy’ is small.
   b) The biggest industry is tourism, yet this is mainly low-paid, part-time and seasonal.
   c) Post-production countryside is less productive and Cornwall has struggled to develop a high-income economy that will provide well-paid jobs all year round.
3. Cornwall’s Isolation
   a) Not ideal for operating national or international businesses due to the distance from the economic activity hub.
   b) Therefore there is minimal investment there.
   c) Gets an investment from the EU because it is marginalised.
4. Cornwall’s regeneration and rebranding success.
   a) Farm diversification.
   - Sale of specialised products and alternative business opportunities.
   - Such as Cornish Cheeses, authentic Pasties, hand made ice cream and beers/wines.
   - B&B at farm locations.
   b) ‘Foodie’ Focus.
   - Restaurants at Padstow (by Rick Stein) and at Watergate Bay near Newquay (by Jamie Oliver).
   - Helped rebrand the Cornish coast as a destination tourism location.
   c) Spectacular gardens.
   - Tropical plants thrive in Cornwall’s mild Atlantic climate.
   - From Victorian explorers.
   d) Extreme Outdoor Activities.
   - Extreme Academy at Watergate Bay offers lessons in rock-climbing, surfing and para-surfing.
   - International Northern Hemisphere Surfing championships.
   e) Eden Project.
5. Enterprise Zones.
   a) In 2015, there were 44 locations in the UK.
   b) Enterprise Zones incentives are focused on smaller areas, which can then be branded to attract particular companies and organisations.
   - Council business tax discounts of up to 100% for every business for up to 5 years.
   - Planning a regulation-free environment, no permission is needed for building.
   - Provision of superfast broadband.
6. Newquay Aerohub
   a) In 2014, Cornwall Council obtained enterprise status for Newquay Aerohub business park.
   b) Hope to attract investment for an aviation and aerospace ‘hub’.
   c) Yet only 450 jobs had been created by the end of 2015, with many of these being existing jobs.

Question 30

Why might some farms adopt rural diversification and what are the different types?

Answer 30

PUBLIC AND PRIVATE RURAL DIVERSIFICATION

1. 50% of farms in the UK use some form of diversification to boost income, dependent on location, land type and the entrepreneurial aspirations of individual farmers or landowners.
2. Grants are available from DEFRA’s rural development programme (RDP) and also from commercial banks/charities.
3. The EU has a policy of helping diversity as well through the reformed common agricultural policy.

TYPES OF DIVERSIFICATION:
- Agriculture-Based: Developing farm shops by producing and selling speciality cheeses; farming unusual animals (Llama); growing non-food crops (speciality flowers), pharmaceutical crops (opium poppies); vineyards and summer wine.

• Non-Agricultural: Redundant farm buildings converted to offices, light industry or tea shops; campsites - or even large scale festivals (Glastonbury).
• Environmental Schemes: Funded by RDP such as Natural England’s Environmental Stewardship scheme, and planting woodland (Forestry Commission).

Question 31

What is the Powys regeneration and LEADER programme?

Answer 31

POWYS REGENERATION PARTNERSHIP AND THE LEADER PROGRAMME

1. Co-ordinated and integrated approach to economic and community regeneration in a rural area to encourage green tourism.
   a) Funded by the Welsh Government and EU using the LEADER programme, yet a mixture of public and private sources.
   b) EU structural funds have been used to encourage more competitive businesses to grow, partly by rejuvenating a local chamber of commerce.
2. Powys has a skill shortage, due to lack of university places and qualifications with a long-standing emphasis on agriculture and tourism.
   a) Between 2011 and 2013, grants of over £4 million helped 310 businesses and community projects across Powys.
   b) Creating 36 full-time jobs and safeguarding 80 more.
   c) Establishing transition towns with nearby towns, where locally based loyalty cards and currency encourage people to spend money supporting locally produced goods and services.
   d) Harnessing local talent and skills, hopefully reversing out-migration of young people.
   e) Installing two broadband masts to address black spots, as well as ‘Powys Connections’ programmes to provide advice and grant funding to micro-businesses wishing to specialise in ICT services.
3. Next phases to support sustainable tourism, farm diversification, glamping sites, welding workshops, wildlife tourism and projects showing a ‘sense of place identity’

Question 32

Who are the players benefitting from regeneration?

Answer 32

THE PLAYERS BENEFITTING FROM REGENERATION

1. Visitors
   a) Business visitors who may be attending a conference or sales trip.
   b) Non-business visitors who may be tourists or travelling to visit relatives and friends.
2. Residents and Employees
   a) Professionals (Doctors, Teachers..).
   b) Skilled employees.
   c) The local wealth of people.
   d) Young people (due to opportunities).
   e) Investors and entrepreneurs.
3. Business and industry
   a) Older heavy industry.
   b) New hi-tech industry.
   c) Quaternary sector employees.
4. Exporters
   a) International businesses.
   b) International travel companies.

Question 33

How can the media be used to prove the image of a location?

Answer 33

MEDIA TO IMPROVE THE IMAGE

1. Moving away from negative coverage, usually related to crime or social problems/natural disasters.
   a) Focusing instead on positive coverage, such as cultural events, tourist activity or investment.
2. National or international coverage over local coverage as it broadens the audience
   a) The motivation for challenging their prior perceptions and makes it more attractive to potential investors.
3. Many locals will already hold attachments and sentiments to areas, so are less likely to change image unless through substantial campaigns.

Question 34

For a named UK deindustrialised city, what regeneration project has attracted national and international visitors?

Answer 34

THE TITANIC QUARTER, BELFAST

1. Belfast was famous for shipbuilding, including the ill-fated Titanic.
   a) Belfast has also suffered from socio-political unrest since the 1960s.
   b) The Troubles have continued to limit investment from outside.
   c) Yet Belfast has a desire for sustainability through rebranding strategies.
2. One of Europe’s largest waterfront development.
   a) Shaped around a marina.
   b) Comprises of historic maritime landmarks e.g Cranes (Industrial heritage) and luxury shops.
3. ‘Titanic Belfast’ visitor centre.
   a) With architecture shaped like the bow of a ship and materials reflecting water and ice crystals.
   b) Welcomed 1 million visitors in the first year of opening (70% of them from outside of Northern Ireland).
   c) 2012 top prize in UK Regeneration and Renewal awards.
4. In 2015, Deloitte’s evaluated the success of the project.
   a) Concluded that £105 million of additional tourism had resulted in:
   - Sustaining 893 additional jobs in the Belfast economy.
   - Demand for flats in the area now outstrips supply.
   - Land of the Giants is an outdoor art venue.
   - Annual BBC Proms in the Park is held there.
   - New water-based leisure activities have also begun.
5. A £4.9 million project to transform the former Harland and Wolff HQ into a 4-star hotel.
   a) Shows the continual demand for regeneration in the Titanic Quarter.
6. The older ‘Paint Halls’ have a new use as film studios.
   a) Including high profile programmes such as Game of Thrones.
7. Companies have invested in the area, such as:
   a) Audi, Premier Inn and Public Records Office for Northern Ireland.
   b) Northern Ireland Science Park nearby has begun to grow again with Citi and Intel investing in the IT and Software industry.
   - This is helping raising aspirations for young people in East Belfast enrolling in Belfast Metropolitan College.

Question 35

What is a post-production rural economy and why has it dominated the agriculture industry?

Answer 35

POST-PRODUCTION RURAL ECONOMY
- A new rural economy developing with association with urban economies and their activities, with most employment in services rather than primary production. However, this is a controversial term not only because agricultural production is still the most important use of rural landscape, yet because tourism is increasingly a vital mechanism of growth in rural areas - leading to multifunctional areas.

1. Since the 1990s, rural areas and the agricultural economy have changed due to concern over:
   a) Inflated production.
   b) Environmental impact of intensification.
2. There has been a shift of focus towards wider rural development through the preservation of cultural landscapes and supporting ecosystems.
   a) A potential post-production rural economy through diversification, ‘multi-functional’ (agricultural production and tourism).

Question 36

What is Rural Proofing?

Answer 36

RURAL PROOFING
- Governments are increasingly seen as a facilitator and enabler rather than provider or manager. ‘Rural Proofing’ is carried out, meaning that checks on the design, development and review stages of national, devolved and local policies.

Question 37

What is a named example of Rebranding based on Heritage and Literacy associations?

Answer 37

BRONTE COUNTRY
1. A region in West Yorkshire and East Lancashire Pennines.

2. Visitors come to experience the bleakness and desolation that inspired books like Jane Eyre and Wuthering Heights (authored by the Bronte sisters, who lived in Haworth.
3. The Fair Trade Way links Fairtrade villages to Bradford
   a) Taking visitors through the countryside and historical sites that appear in the Bronte sisters’ books.
4. Other tourist attractions:
   a) Keighley Bus Museum.
   b) Keighley and Worth valley railways.
   c) Pennine Bridleway and Outdoor activities (horse riding, mountain biking…).
   d) The industrial village of Saltaire is protected as a UNESCO site.
5. Some farms use EU subsidies and grants to:
   a) Diversify land to create specialised products (Valorised products such as cheese or buffalo meat production).
   - Such as Skipbridge Farm which as a successful wedding venue.
   b) Outdoor pursuit.
   - Equestrianism, paint-balling.
   c) Adventure Leisure and tourism.
   - Tough Mudders.
   d) Technology and infrastructure development.
   - Broadband access in rural areas.
   e) Themed events.
   - Farmers markets and specialist food fairs.
   f) Ecovillages and sustainable communities.

Question 38

What is a named example of Rebranding through outdoor pursuits and adventure?

Answer 38

KIELDER WATER AND FOREST PARK

1. Kielder lies in Northumberland, as one of England’s most remote villages.
   a) It was dramatically altered by the creation of Europe’s largest coniferous plantation in the 1930s and an 11 km long reservoir in 1975.
   b) Kielder Water attracts 345,000 visitors annually.
   c) It has no major national funding like a National Park.
   d) Generating its revenue from car parking and the facilities on site.
   e) Conservation is integral to its plan.
   f) Red Squirrels are native.
   g) Attracts ‘Astrotourism’ due to its observatory under dark skies.