EQ3 Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
6.7a
malthusian crisis model
A
- went up geometircally/expenetial-1,2,4,8,16,32
- arithmetic growth- 1,2,3,4,
- but wouldnt reach x (where resources crosses pop) as theres checks in place to keep population down-wars, epidemics
- boserup: GM crops to keep resources up, inovation to stop problem
2
Q
forests
A
- Forest covers 30% of the Earth’s land area, although only 15% are ‘natural’ primary forests – found in Canada, Alaska, Russia and the north-western Amazon basin
- role in carbon cycle: carbon sink, sequestriation n carbon capture, carbons asborbed by photosynthesis-30.4, releases 24.5 total carbon emissions by respiration, 64 stored in below ground biomass
3
Q
deforestation
A
- clearance of forests for timber n land
- land=provide grazing for livestock n produce cash crops
- loss of over 500k ha in brazil n indonesia
4
Q
afforestation
A
- helping offset loss of tropical rainforest ‘services’
- but much is taking place on what was agricultural land
- net gain of 500k in china 1990-2015
5
Q
deforestation in madagscar
causes
A
- since 1950s its rainforest has been cleared at rapid rate
- 1950 there was 11.6 mill hectares of rf land, 1985=3.8mill
- due to pressures from gov to grow cash crop
- 80% now gone
- roads=significant destruction force in rf as they open it up to large machinery
- demand rose due to growing interntaional demand for tropical hardwood, expanding pop debt repayments
6
Q
madagascar deforestation
impacts
A
- as rf dissappears the co2 emissions increase
- it has a major impact on size of terrestrial carbon store
- removing forest has a colossal impact on both fluxes n stores
7
Q
impacts of deforestation on water cycle
A
- infiltration=decreased
- runoff n erosion^
- flood peaks r higher n lag time=shorter
- ^ discharge leads to flooding
- ^ eroded material is carried in river- as bed load and silt n clay in suspension
- annual rainfall=reduced n seasonality of rainfall=^
8
Q
impacts of deforestation on soil health
A
- raindrop impact washes fine particles of clay n humus away
- coarser n heavy sands r left behind
- co2=released from decaying woody materials
- biomass is lost due to reduced plant growth/photosyenthesis
- rapid soil erosion leads to loss of nutrients
- ^ leaching (loss of nutrients from soil by infiltration) means minerals=lost
9
Q
Impacts of deforestation on atmosphere
A
- turbulance=^ as heated ground induces convectional air currents
- oxygen content is reduced n transpiration rates=lower
- less shading leads to ^ direct sunlight reaching forest floor
- reduced evapotranspiration makes it less humid
- air=dryer
- evapotranspiration rates from resultant grasslands r about 1/3 of tropical rf
10
Q
Impacts of deforestation
on biosphere
A
- evaporation from veg is less
- less absorption of co2 means decreased carbon store
- species diversity= decreased (eg less resisident forest plants die off)
- ecosystem services r decreased
- decrease in habitants means fewer animal species survive
- biomass is lost, bc of less plant growth/photosynethesis
11
Q
reorestation
A
- an establishment of a forest cover in a colation where the forests have been cleared in recent past, usuallly to repurpose the land for activities like agriculture or mining
- cons: decreade biodoversity, ^ soil erosion n loss of water resources if done improperly
- pros: slows flooding impacts-dispers water
12
Q
Grassland conversion
A
- temperate n tropical grasslands have become heavily exploited by agriculture
- both have suffered as result of over exploitation
- simple act of ploughing leads to an immdeiate loss of both co2 n moisture, as well as change in runoff characterstics
- theres 3 main types of grassland conversion that cover approximately 26% of global land area.
13
Q
savannah grass land
A
- eg sahel africa
- wetland
- tropical
- 2 seaons wet n dry
- wild fires
- baobab trees w thick curvy bark that resists fires
- bumoda grass
- humans use it for food n wood production
14
Q
piraries
A
- eg n america
- flat, fertile lands dominated by grasses.
- hold soil firmly in place=minimal erosion
- grass roots=good at reaching water more than a meter deep n can live v long
- low rain n thin soils
- strong winds
- 80 species of animals n 300 of birds
- wind n soil erosion remove grass=dust storms
15
Q
steppe grasslands
A
- eg eurasian steppe, us great plains
- dry w temperate climate
- drastic seasonal changes
- cold winters n hot summers w little rainfall during year
16
Q
benefits of natural grasslands
A
- trap moisture n food water
- absorbs toxins from soil
- provide cover for dry soils
- maintain natural habitats
- act as carbon sink- absorb co2 n release o2 all year round=lung effect
- act as terrestial carbon store
17
Q
disadvantages of converting grasslands to grow biofuel crops
A
- initial removal releases co2
- annual ploughing enables soil bac to release co2
- they need carbon based nitrogen fertiliser n chemical pesticides so produce net ^ of co2 emisions
- theyre heavy consumers of water=need irrigation which has big impact on aquifers
- cultivated soils r liable to erosion by runoff n wind
- natural habitats r reduced
- the lung effect is reduced
18
Q
urbanisation
A
- biggest land use conversion
- big demand for space needed to accomadate rising urban pop n widening of economic activities
- biggest disrputive impact on carbon n water cycles
- towns n cities=focal points of both GHG emissions n intense water demand
19
Q
6.7b
oceans role in carbon cycle
A
- carbon sequestration: biological carbon pump-fragile system, phytoplankton takes up C, if change in temp n acidicty it might change
- absorbs 30% of co2 produced by human activities since 1800
- carbon carbonic
- carbon sink
- sedimentation- animal/plant shells fall of n sink n form rocks- dead remains of skeletons lead to limestone
20
Q
ocean acidification
A
- decrease in alkalinity/ph of oceans
- cause by uptake of co2
- occurs bc oceans n carbon sinks
21
Q
carbon sinks
A
absorbs more carbon from the atmosphere than it releases
22
Q
changes in ocean acidification
A
- in 19th century=8.2 now 8.1(2015)
- seem small but theres been large change in ph of surface waters
- 2100 projected: ^ concentration of atmospheric co2, fewer n smaller marine calcilifiers, fewer carbonate ions, 7.8,
- vulnerable organisms: clams, plankton, finfish, lobsters
- coral reefs - they stop growing once ph less than 7.8
23
Q
critical threshold
A
- point which damage is irreversible
24
Q
ecosystem resilience
A
- leevl of distrubance that ecosystems can cope w/while keeping og state
25
# 6.7c
how worlds forests as carbon stores=challeneged
1. deforestation
2. poleward shift of climate belts
3. increasing drought
26
el nino n la nina
- as well as rising temps scientists have blamed a spike in el nino effect for dramtic impacts experienced in recent years
- ***conditions***:
- trade winds=weaker allowing warm surface water along equator to pile up along coast of s.usa then move cali n chile
- rain clouds form over this warm part of ocean
- clouds move inland n dump ^ rain on usa
- meanwhile indonesia n australia suffer droughts
27
# case study
amazon drought
- drought of 2014-2015
- rivers dried n fish died
- drier forests gets less carbon it can store
- forest absorbs about 1.5bn tonnes of Co2
- in 2005 drought it released 5bn tonnes of c
- 2010-released 8bn tonnes
- when trees die it shifts balance n not a sink anymore
- it pumps 20bn tonnes of water into atmosphere daily
- its uniform humidity lowers atmospheric pressure allowing mositure from atlantic to reach across continent
- droughts mean its sequestering less co2 from atmosphere= ^ GHG effect
- drought= plays a dimished role in hydrological cycle
28
# 6.8a
ecosystem services assesment
1. ecosystem services: supporting
- provisioing, cultural, regulating
1. constituents of well being
- security, basic material for good life, health, social relations
- freedoms of choices n action
29
forest lost impacts on wellbeing
- the un has described worlds forests as 'fundamental' to human well being n survival
- over 1.6bn ppl depend on forests n over 90% of these=poorest in society
- forests, like other ecosystems r essential due to services they provide as well as being source of around 80% of global biodiversity
30
forests r important for:
- sequestering carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
- storing carbon
- transferring moisture from the soil back into the atmosphere by evapotranspiration
31
kuznets curve
- as they reach higher leevls of development n wealth socities reach a tipping point when costs of resource exploitation become fully realised n =set against benefits of resource conservation n protection
1. **uk pre industrial revolution, remote amazonia, indonesia pre 1970s-** low income, low enviromental degradtion
2. **indonesia today, china 20th century-** ^ in income, large ^ in enviromental degradation, rising income worsens enviromental impacts
3. **china today-** shallower gradient, almost at peak enviromental degradtion, middle level income
4. **uk today-** (post industrial service economy) rising income reduces enviromental impact
32
# case study
indonesia
palm oil plantations
- palm oil fruit used in many food products (cheapest veg oil on market)
- **borneo** rainforest=souirce of **1/2** worlds PO
- its protected under **indonesian law n un enviromental programme**=identified as **orangutangs** natural habitat (last of asia)
- £**5bn** a year frim food n biofuel
- protected forest=being logged eg by **dutu palma group**
- estimate **88**% all timber logged there=***illegal***
- area double size of wales=earmarked for future dev
- **40**% orangutangs habitat=destroyed last 2 decades- **50,000** died in recent years- pop reduced by **50**%
- deforestation causes wildfires
33
# case study deforestation
coca plantations, peru
- ^ threat to indigenous ppl n their hunting grounds, due to reduction to area n biodiversity
- 90% used for cocaine production of red zone east peru=cause deforestation
- peru, bolivis n columbia=worlds major producers of coca
34
# 6.8b
rising temps resulting from GHG emissions r ^ both evaporation rates n amount of water vapour.
This in turn, is impacting on:
* precipitation patterns- ^ 0.8mm daily over ocean, reduce in brazil RF, more droughts in some places more intense rain in others,
* river regimes-
- drainage basin stores
- the cryosphere
35
ice loss and arctic albedo
- earths cryosphere has been affected by GW
- over last 20yrs the antarctic n greenland ice sheets had negative mass balance n in N hemisphere spring snow cover=continued to decrease in extent n thickness
- melting of permafrost
- carbon uptake by terrestrial plants=^ bc lengthening growing season
- loss of albedo as ice once covered land surface=now tundra n then taiga
- sunlight previsouly reflected of ice now absorbed=^GW
- sea ice regulates evaporation n rain
36
climatic barometer
- measure atmospheric pressure
- **arctic**=early warning system for rest of planet, acting as a barometer for climate health of the planet
37
increase temp has implications on
rain patterns
| eg of yukon
- lead to ^ evaporation n atmospheric water vapour
- across yukon, winter rain ^ between 1950 n 1998
- but greater proportion fell as spring rain n less as snow than before
- climate scientists agree annual precipitation will ^ by 5% n 20% by 2100
38
increase temp has implications on
river regimes
| eg of yukon
- snowmelt now begins earlier in yukon n snow cover=decreasing
- alters RR bringing earlier peak flows to most river basins
- between 1958 n 2008-total ice area shrank by 22% n as glaciers recede streamflow=decreasing-despite initial ^ in meltwater
39
increase temp has implications on
water stores
| eg of yukon
- since 2000, inflows to yukon river have ^ by 39% due to ^ temp n rain
- as permafrost thaws, CC could ^ amount of groundwater
- CC is leading to thawing of PF- so water penetrates deeper into soil, instead of forming surface runoff
40
positive impacts on human wellbeing
- warming climate=opening up previously ice-bound wilderness to tourism
- the exploitation of mineral resoiurces, mainly arctic oil=become more feasible
41
negative impacts on human wellbeing
- its disrupting n annihilating tradtional ways of life
- eg for fishing n hunting of inuits in N usa n the sami reindeer herders of N eurasia
42
the albedo effect
- the ability of surfaces to reflect sunlight
- less ice sheets=less white surfaces=less reflected=more absorbed=climate warming
- light surfaces=high albedo
43
# 6.8c
decline in ocean health
- caused by acidification n bleaching cause changes to marine food webs
- fish n crustacean stocks r declining n changing their distrubutuions
- changes=mainly felt by developing countries
- fishing supports 500 million ppl-90%=in developing nations
- many depend on seafood for income as well as food
- seafood=dietary prefence of wealthier countries eg iceland n japan
- aquaculture=^, but productivity is being affected by declining PH values n rising temps
44
protecting mangroves
- found in africa,australia,asia n america
- benefits: protect against erosion, collect nutrient rich sediments, provide protection n shelter against extreme weather n tsunamis by absorbing n dispursting waves, provide nurseries for fish away from predators
- half global MF=lost since 1950-aquaculture=cause of over 25% of this loss
45
coral bleaching
- CR shelter 25% of marine species
- CB=caused by ocean acidification n warming oceans
-
46
ecological impacts of coral bleaching
- BC likely to have- reduced growth rates, decreased capacity, ^ susceptibility n elavted mortality rates
- declines in genetic n species diversity may occur when corals die
- chnages in coral community happen when more susceptible species=killed
- changes affect species that depend on them eg fish need for food, recruitment habitat n shelter
47
socioeconomic impacts of coral bleeching
- less able to provide ecosystem services. eg less productive n not able to sustain accretion rates necessary to ensure reefs continue to provide shoreline protection services
- may lose aethestic appeal=fundamental for reef tourism=can threaten livelihood of local communities
- lead to significant coral mortality=drive large shifts in fish communities.= cause reduce fish catches=impact food supply n economcy
- cultural values of many tropical island communities (eg religous sites n traditional uses of marine resources) depend on healthy coral reef ecosystems
- source of pharmaceutical compounds n medical resources eg drugs for cancer, heart disease etc
- affcet human communities: relied on for food, income n enjoyment- over 100 million dpeend on them for survival
-
48
coral bleaching n degradation costs
- costs from $20bn (modertae cb) to $84bn (severe) in net present value (over a 50 yr time horizon)
- losses to tourism=highest ($10bn-40bn), followed by fisheries ($7-23bn) n biodiversity ($6-22bn)
49
# 6.9a
uncertainity about the future
- indication global surface temps change by end of 21st century is likely to exceed 1.5'c relative to 1850
- a threshold of 2'c is regarded as gateway to dangerously warming
50
# anthropogenic factors
uncertainity of economic
- after finanicla crisis of 2007-8, there was worry rising co2 emissions would follow recovery of global gdp
- but after rising 4% per year since 2000, the rate of emissions growth fell to 1% by 2012-13 n 0.5% by 2014
- but total carbon emissions still reached new record
51
# anthropogenic factors
energy sources
- energy consumption grew 2% between 2008-14
- but renewablen sources made up 2/3 of ^ in electiricty production in 2015
52
# anthropogenic factors
population change
- ^ affluence in emerging economies means potential extra billion consumers by 2050-w/spending power equal to usa
- changing diets n ^ mobility mean ^ emissions
53
# natural factors
peatlands
- peat=accumulated of partly decayed veg n stores large amounts of C bc of low rate of C breakdown (decomposition) in cold waterlogged soils
- warming cause peat to dry out as water tables fall=^ rate of decomposition
- warming of 4'c causes 40% loss of soil organic c from shallow peat n 86% from deep peat
- peatlands tend to emit C in form of methane=^ concentration of GHG
54
# natural factors
permafrost
- when it melts it releseases trapped C as co2 n methane
- ^ atmospheric GHG concentration n leading to ^ temps n melting
55
# natural factors
oceans
- act as carbon sinks n store heat
- take decades to respond to changes in GHG concerntrations
- reposnse to ^ levels og ghg n ^ temps will continue to affect global climate for possibly hundreds of years
56
# natural factors
forests
- act as carbon sink n store heat
- human factors also play role
- although amount of forested land=^ in HIC, the overall global total=falling-mainly in tropics
57
positive feedback
- amplifies it
- Earth system models suggest that oceans will absorb more co2 from the atmosphere, but a concern is what happens when the ocean reaches saturation point.
- Theres uncertainty about terrestrial ecosystems c uptake bc of vulnerability to human activities, fire n respiration changes=would return c to atmosphere (**positive feedback**).
- Other positive feedbacks incl reduced albedo as snow and ice melt, n methane releases.
58
negative feedback
- dampens og process
- dempeciry effect
1. ^ cloud cover due to higher evaporation rates which would reflect solar energy back into space
2. ^ plant growth as result of ^ co2 concentrations
3. reduced co2 concentrations in atmosphere slowing the rate of warming
59
arctic amplification
- warming 2x then rest of world
- oceans=warmer
- diff between arctic (ocean surronded by land=less land ice, less sea ice)
- antarctica (land surronded by oceans=less laand ice, more sea ice )
- 3 parts-albedo affect, permafrost melting, ocean currents change
- ocean current chnage lead sto change in warm n cold currents
60
tipping points
- critical threshold
- particular moment in time, small change in global climate system can transform relatively stable system into very diff state
- 2 main capable of creating tipping point: forest die back, changes to thermohaline circulation
61
# tipping point
forest die back
- rainfall in amazon basin=recycled from moisture w/in forest
- if rf=subject to dorught trees die back
- tipping point could be reached-level of die back stops recycling og moisture w/in rf=more die back
- boreal forest ecosystem- hot,dry summers lead to water stress n cause trees to die
- tipping point=reached where trees no longer absorob enough co2 from atmosphere=lead to ^ levels of GHG
62
# tipping point
changes to thermohaline circulation
- cold,deep water in N atlantic forms part of THC
- keep the 'conveyor belt' of warm water heading from trpoic towards britain, heavy, salty water must sink in N
- but ,melting of N ice sheets releases sig quantities of freshwater into ocean=lighter n less salty=block n slow conveyor belt
- as ice sheets melt, ocean circulation is susceptible to critical TP
63
# 6.9b
adaption startergies
adopt new ways of doing things in order to live w likely outcomes of climate change
64
# AS
water conservation and management
expl n example
- range of stratergies to manage limited supplies of freshwater:
1. smart irrigation
2. recycling sewage water for agricultural use
3. reducing agricultural consumption n importing water in food as virtual water
4. adopting stringent conservation techs
5. managing demand by charging 'real value' prices for water to reflect the cost of supply n of ecosystem management
- eg israel
65
# as
pros of water conservation and management
- Fewer resources used, less groundwater abstraction
- Attitudinal change operates on a long-term basis: use more grey (recycled) water
- easy to maintain
- less water bills
- used for irrigation
- controls fires
- less floods
- soil erosion
66
cons of Water Conservation and Management
- Efficiency and conservation cannot match increased demands for water
- Changing cultural habits of a large water footprint needs promotion and enforcement by governments, e.g. smart meters
- rainfall= unpredictable
- initial costs
- maintance
67
Resilient Agricultural Systems
expl n egs
- involves growing crops using a no-tilling (ploughing) approach
- uses fewer fertilisers, retains stubble n grows cover crops
- eg usa, syria, iraq
- eg ethopia: water spreading weirs built in dry valleys, help slow down floods n spread water, theyve built around 50 since 2013-3500 ha=under rehabilitation helps 50,000 ppl have access to water n food for 6 months per year despite cc theres a chance to become food-secure
68
pros of Resilient Agricultural Systems
- Higher-tech, drought-tolerant species help resistance to climate change and increase in diseases
- Low-tech measures n better practices generate healthier soils n may help co2 sequestration n water storage: selective irrigation, mulching, cover crops, crop rotation, reduced ploughing, agroforestry.
- More 'indoor' intensive farming
- income for farmers
- protection of open spaces
69
cons of Resilient Agricultural Systems
- More expensive technology, seeds and breeds unavailable to poor subsistence farmers without aid
- High energy costs from indoor and intensive farming
- Genetic modification is still debated, but frequently used to crease resistant strains, e.g. rice and soya
- Growing food insecurity in many places adds pressure to find 'quick fixes'
70
land use planning n flood risk management
expl n egs
- diff stratergies can be used to adapt cc
- incl: land use zoning (use in flood plan where dev on flood plauns=limited to low impact things like playing fields n parks)
- inifltration occurs naturally n surface runoff=reduced along w/risk of wider flooding
- eg bangladesh
71
pros of land us eplanning
- low cost approach
- Soft management: land-use zoning, building restrictions in vulnerable flood plains and low-lying coasts
- Enforcing strict runoff controls and soakaways
72
cons of land use planning
- Public antipathy
- Abandoning high-risk areas and land-use resettling is often unfeasible, as in megacities such as Dhaka, Bangladesh or Tokyo-Yokohama
- A political 'hot potato'
- Needs strong governance, enforcement and compensation
73
flood risk management
74
pros of flood risk management
* Hard-management traditionally used: localised flood defences, river dredging
- Simple changes can reduce flood risk, e.g. permeable tarmac
- Reduced deforestation and more afforestation upstream to absorb water and reduce downstream flood risk
75
costs of Flood-Risk Management
- Debate over funding sources, especially in times of economic austerity
- Land owners may demand compensation for afforestation or 'sacrificial land' kept for flooding
- Constant maintenance is needed in hard management,
- e.g. dredging; lapses of management can increase risk
- Ingrained culture of 'techno-centric fixes': a disbelief that technology cannot overcome natural processes
76
solar radiation management
- form of climate engineering-aims to reflect solar rays n so reduce global warming
- eg pumping sulphur aerosls into upper atmosphere, cloud brightening, space based reflectors
77
pros of solar radiation management
- deployed v quick
- offset some of effects of ghg emmisions
- geoengineering nvolves ideas and plans to deliberately intervene in the climate system to counteract global warming
- proposal =use orbiting satellites to reflect some inward radiation back into space, rather like a giant sunshade
- could cool Earth w/in months n be relatively cheap compared w mitigation
78
costs of Solar Radiation Management
- Untried and untested
- Would reduce but not eliminate the worst effects of GHGs: for example, it would not alter acidification
- Involves tinkering with a very complex system, which might have unintended consequences or externalities
- Would need to continue geoengineering for decades or centuries as there would be a rapid adjustment in the climate system if SRM stopped suddenly
79
# 6.9c
mitigation stratergies
- rebalance the carbon cycle n reduce any impacts of climate change
80
carbon taxation
- a fee/cost paid by users of fossil fuels, which is directly link to levels of co2 emissions that fuel the fuel produces
- wont gaurentee reduction in level of co2
- but idea is it sends a message to change to form of less emission producing energy
- uks carbon price flood=tax on fossil fuels used to generate electricity n came into effect **2013**
81
pros of carbon taxation
- reduce carbon emissions n pollution
- makes polluters pay for emissions thye make
- generates gov revenue
- encourages switch to renewables
- easy to implement
82
cons of carbon taxation
- ^ consumer costs
- unequal to those w low income
- polluters may relocate production to countries w no tax
- hard to monitor n adminstor
- not fool proof
83
energy efficiency
- use less energy to do same task
- less energy system requires to produce desired output=^ energy efficiency
- eg 2014 germeny study identified it as most energy effecient country.
- study rasnked worlds 16 major economies
- usa=13th
- germanys policy: residential n commerical buildings to reduce energy consumption by 25%, loans to renovate older energy consuming propertiues, subsides to improve effecincies in manufacturing
- its economy has grown n still ^ effeciency n reducing neg enviromental impacts of energy uyse
84
pros of energy effeicceny
- reduces ghg emissions
- create energy sustainable jobs
- global improvements in energy efficiency have been done
85
renewable switching
- need renewables thats cheap
- solar, wind, wave etc
- things in the way: effeciency n energy transporation
- eg solar needs constant sun like the desert but those r ages away from desnely populated regions
- biofuels etc also have limits like in location
86
eg of renewable switching
- sweden leeds in switch8ng
- oil produced 75% of its energy 1970-now 20%
- 83% of its electricty is produced by nuclear n hydroecletric power
- combined heat n power plants produced 10% (mainly biofuels)
- around 7% comes from wind
87
pros n cons of renewable switching
- pros: low carbon emissions, its infinite
- cons: only provides 13% of needs, infrastructure to transport energy=hardn location n other factors
88
afforestation n reforestation
- restore forests by replanting trees in damaged areas
- reasons: restore in places destroyed by wildfires, replant former mining n agricultural lands n replenish areas logged for timber
- lots of planning
89
canada n sweden n south korea on aforestation n deforestation
- canada n sweden=-best
- south korea= forest degradation ^ in ww2 n korean war
- illegal logging, use of firewood n expansion of slash n burn agriculture added to its destruction
- gov included forest rehabilitaion projects as part of its economic dev plans
- between 1961 n 1995 area of forested land in SK rose from 4 to 6.3mill ha n by 2008 11bn trees had been planted
- about 2/3 of sk=forested
90
pros n cons of afforestation n reforestation
- restoration of degraded enviroments
- prevention of soil erosion
- provision of forest sinks n stores of co2
91
carbon capture n storage
- upgrader turns heavy oil (bitumen) into synethic crude- refined into everyday products like gasoline n jet fuel
- absorbs co2 n pressured top turn into liquid
92
carbon capture n storage
egs
- in 2014, canada boundary dam became worlds first commercial carbon capture coal fired power plant
- aims to cuyt emissions by 90% by trapping it undergounrd before it can reach atmosphere
- saskatchewans state owned electricty provider expects to reduce ghg emissions by about 1 mn tonnes a year, equivalent of 250,000 cars
93
pros n cons of carbon capture n storage
- pros: reduce carbon relocate into atmopshere
- cons: ^ costs, energy intensifies, enviromental risks
- limited scale
94
key international aggreements
1. 1 world climate conference 1979
2. kyoto protecal cop3 japan-1997
3. op15 2009- limit temp rise no go over 2'c
4. 21st unfcc cop in paris 2015- worlds first universally legally binding global climate deal- 195 countries limit ^ to 1.5'c, indivual nation plans to reduce emissions, strengthen ability to adapt n resilient in dealing w impacts of cc, provide adpation support for devolping countries, continue to support intitiaives in developing counties aimed at reducing emissions
95
actions n attitudes:
govs
- govs at diff levels of dev may disagree
- some fear curbing emissions universally may hamper economic growth for developing countries
- n as theyre beingh unfairly penalised now, given damage has alr been done by existing inductsrialsed nations
- theyre wary of losing voters by introducing energy levies/taxes to cut energy consumption
96
actions n attitudes:
tncs
- globalisation has helped them to develop trading advanatges n access to global markets
- reduced ghg emissions could ^ their manufacturing costs
- but beneifts in promoting green consumer products
97
actions n attitudes:
people
- countries at risk from ^ SL view cc as more yrganet than others
- aus- 1 of worlds ^ per capita energy consumers-theres growing resistance to policies that would put their coal miners out of work or ^ fuel costs
