EQ2 Flashcards
1
Q
6.4
energy security
A
-achieved when theres an uninterreupted availability of energy at a national level and at affordable price.
- all countries seek this; most secure energy situation is where national demand for energy can be completely satisfied by domestic sources
- more country demands on imported energy=more exposed to risks of economic n geopolitical kind
- 4 aspects of it r: availability, accesibility, affordability, reliability
- energy is vital to functioing of country
2
Q
energy consumption
A
- close correlation between gdp n energy consumption
- its expressed as units of energy use in tonnes of oil equivalent per capita
- consumption of energy is measured in 2 ways:
1. per capita terms. eg kg of oil equivalent/MW hours per person=rise w economic dev
2. energy inetsnity- calculate units of energy used per unit gdp. fewer units=more efficently country is at using supply
3
Q
urban consumption: london
A
- over 1/2 world lives in cities
- cities consume 75% of world energy+produce 80% of greenhouse gas emissions eg london makes 1.7mill tonnes of carbon annually w/its resident population avergaing 1.8tonnes of c per capita
- londons demand met via national n international supply lines n involve many key players
4
Q
rural consumption: peru
A
- thanks to national programme of solar panel installation, electricity=available to 500,000 ppl in remote villages across peru between 2006+2015
- it charges phones, lights n tvs n extends working day
- teh ^ productivity it provides allows extra processing of cereals,meats,cocoa n wood=boost incomes+raise living standards
- ^ energy consumption helps bring sustainable developement n brighter future for perus villagers
5
Q
primary energy
A
- natural energy which hasnt been converted into another form of energy, its consumed in its raw form.
- not converted/transformed
- It can be renewable (water/wind/sunlight) or non-renewable (coal/oil/gas)
6
Q
secondary energy
A
-derived from transformation of conversion of primary sources, usually more convenient
-eg (electricity)
7
Q
the energy mix
A
-combination of diff energy sources used to meet countrys total energy consumption
- theres distinctions between:
- domestic+foreign sources
- primary n secondary sources
8
Q
domestic n overseas sources
uk
A
- adoption of energy saving techniques resulted in uk using less energy in 2015 than 1998 eg home heating+vehcile engines
- but declining domestic north sea oil n gas reserves made uk more depenednt on imported energy
- bc it imports more energy than produces domestically= energy deficit n energy insecure
- contrast countries w surplus energy (russia)=energy secure
- 2015: renewables acoounted for 25% of uks electricty generation
9
Q
access n consumption of energy resources depoends on
use norway n uk mind map
A
- physical availability
- cost
- standard of living
- environmental priorities (of governments): for some, energy policy will be taking cheapest route to meeting nation’s energy needs, regardless of environmental costs. Others seek to ^ reliance on renewable sources; wile still other will have in place policies that^energy efficiency + energy saving
- climate: v ^ levels of consumption in N America, Middle East + Australia reflect the extra energy needed to make extremes of heat + cold more comfortable (home,work+public places)
- public perception: for some consumers, energy is seen almost as human right + so to be used w little or no regard for the environmental consequences. Others give priority to minimising wastage of energy + maxing security
- economic development
- technology
10
Q
France VS usa
A
- usa=2nd, france=10th iin legause table of energy concumers but total energy consumption in F=only 1/10th of that of usa
- difference is explained by diff in population- usa=318.9mill, france=64.6mill
- in per capita terms usa tops rankings whilst france=6th
- in usa-over 3/4 of energy=fossil fuels
- french energy mix= diff, 1/2 energy=fossil fuels + 40%=nuclear
- energy security= france is much less placed than usa, if only bc nearly half of its primary energy is imported. usa=more self sufficient
11
Q
6.4c
energy players
A
-
12
Q
energy pathway
A
- route taken by any form of energy from source to point of consumption.
- routesinvole diff forms of transport eg tanker ships, pipelines n electricty transmission grids
- at supply end of pathway, theres companies n govs of energy producing countries
- at demand end- theres govs n range of consumers from industrial to domestic
- along pathways theres companies responsible for movement of processing energy
13
Q
energy equity
A
- ensuring accesbility+ affordable energy for all countries
14
Q
TNCs
A
- old players: BP, shell, exxon/mobis
- new players: petrobas, ExxonMobil, PetroChina + Royal Dutch Shell
- half of top 20 companies r state owned n so v much under gov control= strictly speaking there not TNCs.
- most r involved in range of operations: exploring, extracting, transporting, refining n producing petrochemicals
- respond to market conditions
- they can enrich poor countries who cannot afford primary investment required to produce own energy
- often responsible for exploration, production + trading
- take advantage of locals lack of power+ money brought gov loyalty. eg shell in nigeria: destroy lives for farmers, fisherman along niger delta due to oil spills over years
15
Q
OPEC
A
- 1960- 5 major oil produing countries: iran, iraq, saudi arabia, venezula
- 1972- USA reach peak production n forced to import oil to meet its ^ need
- 1973- oil crisis, led to ^ prices
- if oil crises- nuclear, coal+hydro=new powers
- 1999- giant oil companies: shell, bp, conocophillips, total
- 2002- post 911 attack- dont wnat to rely on imports
- 2008- financial crisis(link to usa n lenders) so big drop in prices
- 2011- fracking in usa
- 2015- 2/3 oil used in transport
- OPEC produces control 81% of proven world oil reserves
16
Q
consumers
A
- usa- most advanced nation so high consumption
- uk- consumption restrictions in place
- demand n attitudes determine what type of energy country will use
- NICs such as china have grown importers of oil since populatio have become consumerists
- they also make decisions which has consequences for oil companies eg purchase electric cars, install solar panels
- expansion of nuclear energy as well as extraction of oil n gas by fracking r both contrversial in uk n eu= widespread protests against both
17
Q
national goverments
A
- meet international obligations (eg kyolo protocal 1997+ paris agreement 2015, glasgow climate pact), whilst securing supplies for now n future n support economic growth
- regulate role of private companies n setting enviromental priorities
- uk= legally comitted to tackling climate change by 2050by 80%- pressure to get 0 carbon emissions
- national gov eg: edf (france) + china general nuclear r 2 gov-backed energy tncs involved in developing new nuclear power plants in uk eg hinkley point C
18
Q
enviromental groups
A
- large scale hydropower plants can be v harmful to local enviroment
- biomass energy can cause air pollution n be bad for enviroment if biomass isnt responsibility
- wave n tidal energy arent really used
- wind= good= cheap n clean
- solar=good
- uk comitted to reducing emissions by 80% compared to 1990 by 2050 to help global temps down by 1.5 degrees
