EQ3

Question 1

Interdependence

Answer 1

The dependence of 2 or more nations/organisations on each other

Question 2

Economic restructuring

Answer 2

Shifting from economy based on 1 sector eg primary/secondary, to an economy based on another sector eg secondary/tertiary

Question 3

Exclusive economic zone

Answer 3

Area of ocean extnding 200 nautical miles beyond the coastline, over which a nation controls sea + subsea resources

Question 4

Arab spring

Answer 4

Series of prodemocracy, pro human rights civil upsprings in 2011 that affected syria, libya, eygpt, bahrain + iran.
Some gov were overthown but, in most cases, protracted instasibilty followed the uprisings

Question 5

Islamic states

Answer 5

A jihadist terrorist organisation that rose to prominence in 2013 during syrian civil war, occupying parts of the middle east + carrying out terrorist attacks world wide

Question 6

Tensions- russians western borders

Answer 6

-after 1991 collapse of communism + interdepence of former soviet republics, several new independent countries have shown interest in joining eu-so russia lose SOI. Imapcts of this:
-eu+us economic sanctions after 2014 ukraine crisis have isolated russia economically, but also affected eu exporters that can no longer sell to russia
-the conflict in crimea, east ukraine + georgia led to forced displacement of tens of thousands of ppl as well as hundreds of deaths
-nato deployed additional air +ground forces to E border in estonia, lithuania, latvia, poland, romania + bulgaria
-new cold war??? between russia + w allies has ^ since 2008

Question 7

Tensions- spheres of influence

Answer 7

-the claim by a state to exlusive/predominat control over a foregien area
-may be political claim which other nations may not recognise as matter of fact or a lgeal agreement where other states agree to refrain from interference w/in a SOI
-during british empire the largest sphere was britain
-during cold war, usa n russia had larger soi
-today usa reigns supreme through their cultural infleunce on world via tncs, media, tv n film etc

Question 8

Tensions- arctic oil n gas

Answer 8

-90-100mill barrels ofoil r in arctic= tensions as diff regions try claim + carve up resources . Mainly whether or not the lomonosov ridge is an extension o russias conintental shelf
-russia, usa + eu r all involved n have nuclear weapons
-2007 russia used a submarine to place a russian flag on northpole seabed
-since hen, number of scientific expeditions to the arctic have ^ bc countris want greater presence in the area
-russia+canada have created dedicated ‘arctic forces’ to protect their interests
-GW will ^ tensions there bc it becomes more accesible to ship resources. Oil reservers elsewhhere r running out so ^ pressure on arctic

Question 9

Tensions- s + e seas

Answer 9

-‘island chain stratergy’ way china trying to show SOI. Its puruing islands in s/e china sea
-many of islands of continetal shel r disputed so tensions made.
-usa close allies to japan=strong us military presencde in s korea+phillipines
-islands harbour oil+gas so economically important
-china recent stratergy is occupy deserted isands + build artifical lands:
-2014- china started constructing airport n reclaimed land on fiery coral reef
-2015-began building port in mischeif reef
-2015-subi reef seem to be developed w china military base
-2020- w/covid mostly contained in china+reaacking havoc in us security analytics r closely watching bejings military moves in th scs
-reently, china conducted military drils +developed large scale miliatar assests to martime area while also celebrating strides made in exploiting disputed energy resources in fossil fuel rich sea

Question 10

middle east tension

religion

Answer 10

-most region is muslim
-but sunni (saudi, united arab emirates) + shia (iran) sects r in conflict w/eachother both within+between countries= mainly indirect

Question 10

middle east tensions

governance

Answer 10

-most countries r new states, democracy is weak/nonexistent; religous +ethnic allegiances r often stronger than national identity ones

Question 11

middle east tensions

oil+ gas

Answer 11

-65% worlds crude oil exports originate in region
-oil+gas reserves have long been prize worth fighting over

Question 12

middle east tensions

resources

Answer 12

-its rich in fossil fuels but region is short of water + farmland meaning territorial conflict over resources is more likely

Question 13

middle east tensions

youth

Answer 13

-many countries have young pops w/high unemployement + relatively low education lvls: potential for Y/A to become disaffected is high

Question 14

middle east tensions

history

Answer 14

-many international borders in region r arbitrary= they were drawn on a map by colonial powers+dont reflect actual geography of religous/cultural groups

Question 15

power shifting to china-tensions

-taiwan

Answer 15

-1949, end of china war left establishment of communist ppls republic of china on mainland
-opposing gov republic of china retreated to chinese island province of taiwan (taipei=capital)
-since then, relations between 2=tense n no peace treaty signed
-communist gov maintains it territorial claim to taiwan as chinese province

Question 16

power shifting to china-tensions

japan

Answer 16

-improved in 21st century+ 2 of them now trade extensively
-relations were weak since mid-19th century+worsend when us troops were stationed in japan after ww2(during china civial war)
-investment by us into japan to aid post war recovery (like eu marshall plan) ^ tensions as japan adopted capitalist, westernised economic recovery

Question 17

power shifting to china-tensions

tibet

beijing is in china btw

Answer 17

-w/in tibet + beyond, among its diaspora (ppl living w/out home territory) r those seeking political seperation of T from china
-beijings communist gov is atheist, accused of supressing tibetan religion, culture+freedom of expression
-beijing refuse to acknowledge **dalai lama **(T spirtual +poltical leader).
-recently, chinas raised tensions by encouraging chinese migrants to move to tibet; built high speed rail link between lhasa n qinghai+invest in tibetan industry

Question 18

power shifting to china-tensions

india

Answer 18

-relations always tense based on histroical border disputes
-both maintain a military presence along himalayan borders
-chinas concern about I’s military interest in SCS + india sus of c’s gd relation w pakistan due to contested territory of kashmir which led to several wars between bangladesh +india over the extraction of water from RIver ganges

Question 19

power shifting to china-tensions

one belt road stratergy

Answer 19

-develoepd in 2013- stratergy to connect china, eurasia +africa made by china gov
-one belt = to building infrastructure from russia + mongolia through central asia to W europe
-one road=infrastructure extedning influence into s/e asia + india then to middle e+ e africa
-aim for this was to form cohesive economic area to ^ trade+enhance cultural exchanges
-would place china firmly on world stage, not j most powerful in asia
-china plans significant investment including us $46 bn in pakistan alone

Question 20

how has conflict been made in middle east?

Answer 20

-broad alliance bteween usa,israel+ some eu members + their middle eastern allies set against loose alliance of **russia, china+syria. they range from overt military support (eg us n israel) to suspected supply of arms to iran by china via illicit channels
-refugee crisis** caused by IS n syria n iraq, + syrian civil war, which forced** 2 mill** syrians to flee + put strain on neighbours jordan, lebanon+turkey, which have accepted these refugees
-destablising terrorist groups incl. al-qaeda in arabian peninsula,** IS** in syria + iraq, + taliban in afghan
-on going israel-palestine conflict: usa normally support israel w/military +economic aid while some middle e countries (eg iran) r openly hostile towards jew state of israel+actively support palestinian military groups

Question 21

superpower challenges

economic restructuring

Answer 21

-way a country generates the majority of economy
-eg uk closing mines after conservative election 1979 caused global shift

Question 22

superpower challenges

unemployement

Answer 22

-uks traditional mining +manufacturing towns in midlands+ north experineced unemployemnt as coalmine workers fell from 240,000 in 1980 to 13,000 by 1995
-usas rust belt + north eastern france saw similar trends. tertiary + quaternanry employement has grown in NY + LA but traditional manufacturing cities have continued to decline

Question 23

superpower challenges

social costs

Answer 23

-social cohesion was lost in industrial regions (show in films eg full monty+billy elliot) mainly in noth uk cities where men lost full time work + faced mental health problems such as depression
-this led to migration, mainly to london+ s e

Question 24

superpower challenges

debt

Answer 24

-maintain superpower status comes at high financial cost, us military spending is a clear eg of this
-nato=$883bn
-usa=$611bn
-eu=$246 bn
-china=$215bn
-russia=$69.2bn

Question 25

superpower future

stability

Answer 25

-arguably the ‘regional mosaic’ structure is inherently unstable as broadly = powerful countries make complex +competing allliances w no country acting as ‘global police’
-a new cold war could lead to a period of tense stability

Question 26

superpower future

resources

Answer 26

-asian century scenario would see strong economic +pop growth in asia, but continued demand for resources in old west
-expanding asian middle class is likely to lead to 35% ^ in demand for food, a 40%^ in demand for water+50%^ in demand for energy by 2030
-risking shortages +unrest + conflict over remaining resources

Question 27

superpower future

military

Answer 27

-new arms race is possible outcome of new cold war scenario
-as china expands its global reach w/naval+air power, the usa+allies may need to react by diverting resources away from economic growth +social programmes + into guns+ships

Question 28

superpower future

economics

Answer 28

-asian century scenarip would cause fundamental shift in worlds economy, global economic wellbeing would depend on health of NICs in asia rather than economies of europe + n america

Question 29

economic
eu

Answer 29

-Debt in the Eurozone amounted to €9.7
trillion in 2016 and £1.6 trillion in the
UK, in both cases about 90% of annual
GDP;
-debt is a drag on economic growth.
-EU unemployment was close to 10% in 2016, representing a cost to taxpayers and underused economic capacity

Question 30

economic
usa

Answer 30

-National debt in the USA in 2016 was
$19 trillion, but the US dollar’s status as the global currency of choice makes it less vulnerable to economic shocks.
-The USA has many large, innovative global TNCs, eg Apple, Google, Facebook and Cisco.

Question 31

demographic
eu

Answer 31

-The EU is ageing fast;
-by 2025 20% of EU citizens will be over 65. -The EU’s workforce will drop by 14% by 23, which will place an ^ burden on those in work to fund pensions, healthcare and care homes.
-After 2035, the EU’s population is likely to be falling.

Question 32

demographic
usa

Answer 32

-The USA is ageing less fast than the EU + social costs (pensions, healthcare) tend to be bone by individuals rather than the government.
-The total population will keep growing from 324million in 2016 to 415million in 2060.

Question 33

poltical
eu

Answer 33

-The EU’s 28 nations do not have the same political views.
-Tensions between countries wanting deeper union (France and Germany) and those wanting less (UK) have grown (leading to Brexit).
-Relationships with Russia are strained and immigration is an increasingly divisive issue.

Question 34

political
usa

Answer 34

-Race relations in parts of the USA are strained +, at a national level, there is often **political deadlock **between Democrats and Republicans.
-However, the US values are fairly universal and these are projected to a global audience.

Question 35

resources
eu

Answer 35

-Energy security is a key EU issue, as it relies on imported oil and gas, some od which comes from Russia.

Question 36

resources
usa

Answer 36

-The USA is increasingly energy secure as a result of oil and gas fracking. Water insecurity is an increasing problem in the southwest.

Question 37

social
eu

Answer 37

-Youth unemployment in the EU was 22% in 2015, and over 45% in Greece and Spain.
-Long-term youth unemployment risks a ‘lost generation’ of young people, as well as political disaffection.

Question 38

social
usa

Answer 38

-Health spending swallows 17% of the USA’s annual GDP and is huge cost to families and government.
-**74% of adult Americans are overweight **(30% are obese), adding significantly to healthcare costs.

Question 39

2007 global finicial crisis

Answer 39

-rose from us+eu mortage lending markets
-mortages come from savers invested money, then lent to borrowers
-interest paid would be used to pay interest to savers+provide mortage lender w profit
-over m loan period the lender wuld hold legal deeds of property as security+count them as part of its assests
-if payment failed property could be seized
-debt=assest
-selling debt ^ more capital, which can be lent to others -makes upward spiral
-2007-main cause=subprime lending by us banks to low income earners w/insecure jobs
-solution was sell risky mortages, packaged +hidden inside other more secure mortages that were approved for higher income earners
-when property bubble burst every global bank was affceted

Question 40

intellectual property

Answer 40

-global system of ip run since 1967 by ‘wipo’-they ensure tncs, indivuals+gov can protect new inventions,trademarks, artistic works +trade secrets from use by others
-w/out innovation+ideas can be stolen

Question 41

ip criticsm

Answer 41

-requires users of product to pay royalties to inventor-costly to devolping countries
-ip holders dont make new invention avaible, they could prevent new medicines being made
-systems can create a monopoly where a paint holder can change what they like for new product, denying it to some ppl on basis of pride

Question 42

counterfeit goods
(CFG)

Answer 42

-china infringe ip by producing counterfeit products- 22 fake apple stores in 2011, 2013 un estimates 70% of CFG originate from china
-y many CFG made in china? many of ogs r produced there so they have access to IP. poor protection of IPR+ joined wto 2001. lack of policy
-cf can undermine global systems of ip rights+patening; starining tncs+investment
-cf costs G20 countries $85bn a yr.
-damage to brand image+ end agency of consumers throughinferior products can have LT effects on revenues of leading TNCs
-CF ^ as global manufacturing has shifted to countries IPR r property protected
-2.5 mill jobs in developed countries have been lost bc of it

Question 43

how has ip made tensions?

Answer 43

-many usa companies manufacture in china+ complain their ip isnt adeuqately protected
-chinese business legislation required some countries to share tech ip before doing business in china
-intergov negotiantions on trade deals have been comprimised by accusations of lax ipr protection
-could affect future deals between usa/china unless properly implemented