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Question 1

What are the 4 types of geopolitical interventions?

Answer 1

• development aid
• trade embargoes
• military aid
• military action

Question 2

What is development aid?

Answer 2

money given to other countries to help them.
EXAMPLE- The UK department for international development gave over 350 million pounds to Pakistan in 2018/2019 for 51 projects. - on education programmes, transport infrastructure.
Bilateral aid- delivered one to one basis from doner to recipient country.
mulilateral aid- given to an international organisation such as world bank and then they choose how to distribute the money.

Question 3

What are trade embargoes?

Answer 3

These are a type of sanction imposed on a country as “punishment” or to try influence change.
EXAMPLE- the EU has used embargoes against Russia, which invaded Ukraine and restricted their natural gas supplies, thereby restricting the Ukrainian’s people freedom.
The EU used embargoes against Venezuela, due to the loss of democracy and poor human rights there
They can be put in place by international gov organisations.

Question 4

What is military aid?

Answer 4

It may be technology and equipment but it sometimes is peacekeeping forces. It is given to a developing country to help them protect their borders.
EXAMPLE-USA is an active donor and has a military funding programme for “security assistance” and “training” with israel and egypt

Question 5

What is miliary action?

Answer 5

• most governments consider this as a last resort.
  -Indirect action- providing military and political assistance- EXAMPLE- 2017, British army where training Nigerian forces, to help improve countries security.
  -Direct action- air strikes or troops on ground.
  -This intervention is usually backed by the UN, which authorises countries such as the UK and the USA to get involved.

Question 6

How do IGOS promote interventions?

Answer 6

-The UN set a target of 0.7% of GNI to be given as aid by developed countries (UK being one)
- The United Nations environment programme has promoted the need to consider protection of ecosystem services within aid projects.
-In 2014, the EU decided that aid would mostly be given to poor places.
-The IMF attaches conditions to its loans, such as deregulation and privatisation, in the belief that these are best for boosting economies.

Question 7

How do national gov promote interventions, examples?

Answer 7

Russia and China use their UN security council to block interventions against their allies.
USA promoted UN and NATO intervention in Libya

Question 8

How do NGOS promotes interventions?

Answer 8

Amnesty international- campaigns to highlight where it believes action is needed e.g- Iran for imprisonment of human rights campaigners and Germany for victims of racial violence.

Oxfam international-campaigns, researches and operates development projects related to poverty and injustices in 90 countries.

Question 9

What is sovreignty?

Answer 9

The idea that each nation has a right to govern itself without interference from other nations.

Question 10

What did the UN say in 2009 about countries suffering with human rights and accepting help from other countries?

Answer 10

There may be times when countries should respond collectively when a country has failed to protect the welfare or allow human suffering of its citizens. In these situations, some argue that a country sacrifices its sovereignty.

Question 11

why is humanitarian aid justified?

Answer 11

Direct intervention is necessary in order to keep citizens alive and healthy after a natural disaster.
EXAMPLE- Haiti

Question 12

Why are sanctions/ embargoes justified?

Answer 12

Banning exports and imports from a country puts pressure on the government to change actions.
EXAMPLE-Venezuela

Question 13

Why is military action justified?

Answer 13

in order to prevent genocide or ethnic cleansing or to prevent an authoritarian state from abusing rights of its citizens
EXAMPLE-Libya

Question 14

Why is military aid justified?

Answer 14

International peacekeeping and monitoring forces can be sent in order to try prevent innocent people from killed.

Question 15

National sovereignty LIBYA:

Answer 15

• Libya has the world’s tenth largest oil reserves and its capital was once one of Africa’s wealthiest cities.
  -Colonel Gaddafi seized power in 1969 and ruled unchallenged for 42 years.
  -However, in 2011, many Libyans began to protest against his government.
  -Hundreds of the protesters were killed and injured the UN urged the Libyan government to “meet its responsibility to protect citizens”.
  -When Libya failed to do so, the UN authorised the use of force to protect the civilian population.
  -Bombing rains by Britain and France in support of civilans and rebel forces.
  -arms embargoes and air strikes supported rebel troops to defeat the government forces.
• Despite the threat to human rights in Libya, the international intervention wasn’t widely supported.
  -Russia, China, Brazil, India and Germany astained from the vote because:
  1) There was insufficient evidence to justify interfering in Libya’s national sovereignty.
  2)This intervention action might set an example for the intenational community to have a say how they should treat their own populations.
  In the end caused more conflict

Question 16

What are charitable gifts?

Answer 16

People in developed countries give these freely to NGOS, for example for welfare aid to improve children’s health or provide clean water.

Question 17

What is emergency help?

Answer 17

Given by NGOS or IGOS in response to a natural disaster, for example help for emergency shelter, food, water

Question 18

What are loans of money?

Answer 18

Gov or IGOS provide these, but this economic conditions may have conditions attached. They are usually for specific projects that a country can’t afford.

Question 19

Development aid in Haiti:

Answer 19

Haiti earthquake:
- 13.5 billion donated- 75% from donor countries, 25% from charities.
-US donated 1.3 billion in humanitarian assistance.
-Oxfam funded for reconstruction.
-Christian aid (NGO) - helped at the rural community- provided 237,000 hot meals, 10,000 hygiene kits, 2500 families with emergency shelters, helped construct 550 earthquake- proof homes.

Question 20

What were the issues with aid in Haiti?

Answer 20

-500,000 still living in temporary shelters.
-In 2015, only half the promised aid has been received.
-aid was unequally distributed

Question 21

What are the benefits of development aid in terms of diseases?

Answer 21

-Effective response to life threatening situations- eradication of diseases such as malaria
MALARIA-
- tropical disease spread by mosquitos
-Donor nations increased their funding in order to provide:
-free insecticide
-free access to new medicines
6.2 million deaths have been prevented since 2000
EXAMPLE- 2015- 611 million was allocated to Ethiopia for malaria

Question 22

What are the benefits of development aid in terms of human rights and gender equality?

Answer 22

• much aid is given to improve people’s lives, including basics such as clean water and farming, health and education and gender equality
  -In 1975 the UN launched the “UN decade for women” to highlight issue of gender inequality
  -By 2014, over $US 30 million of aid money was being targetted specifically at programmes with gender equality.
  -There has been noticable success, maternal mortality rates have fallen as a result of the MDGS.
  -However gender inequality still occurs, especially in developing countries.

Question 23

What does aid dependency mean?

Answer 23

A country is considered to be “aid dependent” if it cannot perform many of the basic functions.
Aid dependency can hinder economic and political development.
Government may rely on aid for money rather than helping local industries develop.
Can leave the country at risk if aid suddenly stops.
Donor countries often say how and where the aid money should be used.

Question 24

How does economic development impact the natural environment?

Answer 24

• Economic development has been encouraged by colonial superpowers and the dominant superpower, the USA. However these economic aims often overlooked the effect of development on the environment.
  -Many economic nations, USA, CHINA,EU look to developing countries for supplies of resources, however the extraction of these natural resources has caused damage to the natural environments, and ecosystems due to spills.

Question 25

How has economic development impacted the environment in Nigeria?

Answer 25

• The oil industry forms the core of the Nigerian economy, with 55% of the joint venture with TNCS being owned by the Nigerian national petroleum corporation.
  -There is a long history of oil spills in the area, 550 spills in 2014.
  -The spills are due to an old pipeline system, sabotage and also theft.
  -Corrputions and weak regulations have allowed the situation to continue- 20% of production is being stolen.
  -Ogoni people- started peaceful protest about the damage being caused by oil pollution, targetting TNCS- led to execution by the government.
  -The lives of the ogoni people have been badly affected by the damage to their farmland, natural resources and fishing areas.
  -In 2010, SPDC made an out of court compensation settlement with some of the Ogoni, in 2014 contributed 14.8 milion in education programmes and health care.
  -In 2015, Nigerian gov finally agreed to act on the UNEP report (8 measures recommended to improve health of Ogoni people)

Question 26

What is land grabbing and where is it occurring?

Answer 26

• Land grabbing, is irregular privatisation of public land.
  -Land grabs in Kenya
  -Have serious impacts on public finances, development opportunities and land pricing.
  -Tensions over land simmer among ethnic minority groups, who are excluded from land ownership.

Question 27

How is the use of human rights used as a justification for military intervention in Libya?

Answer 27

LIBYA- arm embargos and securing the country’s air space so that there was so external support for Gaddafi’s forces.
Gaddafi was thought to be involved in a number of terrorist attacks and abusing the human rights of many Libyan’s.

Question 28

How is human rights used as a justification for military intervention in the Russia- Ukraine 2014?

Answer 28

• The protection of the human rights of an enclave of ethnic Russians was the excuse used by Russia when it invaded Ukraine in 2014.
  -The real motive was more likely the need it felt to take over a strategically important territory.
  -Russia was prompted to do so by the likelihood of Ukraine becoming a member of NATO- very important.
  -Taking Crimea and sending troops to occupy Eastern Ukraine was a serious assault on Ukraine’s sovreignty.

Question 29

What is the one main reason to justify military intervention and aid?

Answer 29

to protect human rights and seek UN resolutions to give them permission to intervene, military aid is given to bring about positive changes

Question 30

UK military aid to Saudi Arabia:

Answer 30

-iN 2005 came to an agreement, whereby the UK would equip Saudi Arabia with fighter planes. Since then the UK has sold Saudi Arabia nearly 10 billion pounds worth of defence equipment, and Saudi Arabia has invested over 60 billion in the UK, mainly in joint ventures and real estate.
-Saudi Arabia has very questionable human rights and so military aid was given from the UK.

Question 31

What is “The war on terror?”

Answer 31

In 2001 (9/11) President George W Bush declared a “war on terror”- a global, political and legal battle against terrorist organisations and any governments that supported them.
During the “War on terror” the USA justified sending troops into Afghanistan and Iraq as it claimed that these countries supported terrorists.
The resulting wars and their aftermath were designed to protect the USA and its allies against further attacks.
Protecting human rights also became a justification for military action by both the USA and the UK.

Question 32

Torture and rendition:

Answer 32

• most governments have signed up to the UN against torture.
  -However, many signatories to the convention still use torture.
  -USA had done so in the wake of the terrorist attack on the twin towers 11 september 2001 9/11
  -3000 innocent civilians were killed.
  -The imprisonment of suspects without trial at the US base at Guantonamo Bay, Cuba was one outcome.
  -A number of people have claimed to have been
  subjected to torture and other forms of ill-treatment
  -torture was used to extract intelligence information.
  -In 2006, US courts ruled that the Geneva convention had been broken and in 2009 president Obama started transferring people back to their home town.