EQ2 Flashcards
Define sink estate
Housing estates characterised by high levels of economic and social deprivation and crime, especially domestic violence drugs and warfare
Children born in sink estates are:
- 2x as likely to have mental issues
-11x more likely to be unemployed
-9x more likely to be in a jobless houshold
1/3 of families in sink estates claim benefits
They were intended to help those who are disadvantaged however they had the opposite effect due to their severse social decline
e.g. east middlesbrough estate where 30% of people are not in permenant employment, Broadwater farm London or Barracks Glasgow
NOT ALL RUN DOWN ESTATES ARE SINK ESTATES
Describe the characteristics of a successful region
Low levels of multiple deprivation, high rates of employment and inward migration
Define multiple deprivation
An overall measure of deprivation of an area. It takes into account education, health, crime, education, income, employment, access to services and living environment
State what can cause a spiral of decline (Detroit)
- Overseas companies produce cheaper goods which lead to the importation of said products rather than domestically producing them, causing many people to become redundant
- Mining companies have mechanised to cut costs resulting in job losses
- Lower wage costs in the south-eastern USA have led to the relocation of the steel and car industries (80,000 jobs lost between 1993-2008)
Describe the cycle of decline in an urban area
Low levels of income and high unemployment -> low spending levels in the local economy -> loss of workers for local businesses + low-value housing + high government welfare spending -> low revenue from taxes and sales to local council -> little money available to invest in transport infrastructure -> are is unattractive to investors -> low levels of employment opportunity ->//
Describe the cycle of decline in a rural area
crime and vandalism environmental decay -> low psychological well being -> crime and vandalism
Define gated communities
Both in urban and rural settlements, either individual buildings or groups of buildings. designed specifically to deter access by non-residents and reduce crime. Often characterised by 24/7 security and surveillance with CCTV E.g: Middlesbrough
First replicated at a large scale in Londons redeveloped docklands, often come about during/after gentrification
Define commuter villages
Villages with good access to areas with major employers e.g. large city. They are characterised by great transport links and affluent population with low levels of multiple deprivation. However, since the population have a far lower demand for services such as local transport, school and local shops, the local population becomes dependant on the low-value agricultural industry. Places with a high-income population face the risk of being outpriced for property
E.g: Winchester which is accessbile by the M3 and fast rail line to London
Define declining rural settlements
A rural settlement facing social, economic and or environemtnal degredation as a result of depopulation or other factors
E.g, Powys, Wales:
46.8% of communities which are in 10% most deprived in Wales
Llansilin is a declining settlement
Average house price is 250,000 GBP, still within the 50% most deprivaed in Wales
estimated that 400 rural shops and pubs closed down in 2010
state why there is a variation in engagement
Age: those over 60 have more time and are more involved
Gender: On average women spend more time engaged in communities as a result of many reasons
Ethnicity: when ethnicity is combined with deprivation, voter turnout increase significantly e.g. Bangladeshi community in East-London
Length of residence: short-term residence are less likely to feel an attachment to an area and therefore engage less
State how does lived experience affect engagement
People who were brought up in loyalist communities are more likely to be one themselves and consequently lead to different engagement e.g. when the decision to not fly the union jack outside Belfast city hall prompted protests outside of Belfast city hall, these engagements lead to the reflection of wider issues
Evidence New Malden needs regeneration
Average house price: 560,000GBP Average Income: 30,000 GBP Deprivation Deciles: -Income - 2 - 17% -Health- 3 - 17% -Crime - (3-33%) (4-33%) Education: 15% no qualifications 5.8% of households are overcrowded 3.3% have no central heating Lack of alternative open space Station in significant location is kinda mank Kingston council: "Lack of attractive open space, more 3-4 bedroom dwellings are required comapred to the number of 1 and 2 bedroom apartments and houses"
Evidence New Malden does not need regeneration
Only 3% of people below “fair health”
Deciles:
-Health -decile: 10-9-8 100%
-Education, skills and training -decile: 10,9, 100%
-Income, decile: 8,9,10, 83%
Regeneration plans are uncertain and could cause more harm than good e.g. increased traffic, outpricing of residents, removal of greenspace and pollition
-renovations would be omre suitable as they would improve whilst not cause long-term spacial coners
State how do different media present the same thing in different ways in terms of the need for regeneration
In response to a BBC report on Middlesbrough:
Guardian (reputable slightly left-leaning paper): “Is Middlesbrough the worst place to live > Ofcom has backed the condemnation of Middlesbrough on location, location, location. But do residents agree”
Daily Mail (sensationalist tabloid): Middlesbrough really is the worst place to live: damming verdict on location, location, location”
Telegraph (paper with economically right agenda): “What can Middlesbrough teach Britain? Four lessons on how to rebalance the economy, the government should look North”
Despite all the different viewpoints, the Office for national statistics Government Report released in 2015 confirmed that objectively Middlesbrough holds the worst cases for deprivation
What is an example of a successful region
Sydney
Berkshire
Describe the location of Berkshire
South East England, West of London
What are the two things making Berkshire successful
Employment and Transport links
how does employment make Berkshire successful
High rates of employment, home to major tech firms such as Microsoft and Oracle
-Home to slough trading estate which is the UK’s largest industrial park and hosts headquaters of TNC’s such as O2
-Newbury hosts headquaters of NFER and Vodafone
-Bracknel has headquaters ofWaitrose and BMW
-Half of all workers are in the Knowldege based, managerial and proffesional occupations
All of this together leads to a culmination of very wealthy citizens which through taxation and the citizens spending, leads to lots of money in circulation within th econommy and consequently lots of money to re-investt.
