EQ2

Question 1

Define sink estate

Answer 1

Housing estates characterised by high levels of economic and social deprivation and crime, especially domestic violence drugs and warfare
Children born in sink estates are:
- 2x as likely to have mental issues
-11x more likely to be unemployed
-9x more likely to be in a jobless houshold
1/3 of families in sink estates claim benefits
They were intended to help those who are disadvantaged however they had the opposite effect due to their severse social decline
e.g. east middlesbrough estate where 30% of people are not in permenant employment, Broadwater farm London or Barracks Glasgow
NOT ALL RUN DOWN ESTATES ARE SINK ESTATES

Question 2

Describe the characteristics of a successful region

Answer 2

Low levels of multiple deprivation, high rates of employment and inward migration

Question 3

Define multiple deprivation

Answer 3

An overall measure of deprivation of an area. It takes into account education, health, crime, education, income, employment, access to services and living environment

Question 4

State what can cause a spiral of decline (Detroit)

Answer 4

• Overseas companies produce cheaper goods which lead to the importation of said products rather than domestically producing them, causing many people to become redundant
• Mining companies have mechanised to cut costs resulting in job losses
• Lower wage costs in the south-eastern USA have led to the relocation of the steel and car industries (80,000 jobs lost between 1993-2008)

Question 5

Describe the cycle of decline in an urban area

Answer 5

Low levels of income and high unemployment -> low spending levels in the local economy -> loss of workers for local businesses + low-value housing + high government welfare spending -> low revenue from taxes and sales to local council -> little money available to invest in transport infrastructure -> are is unattractive to investors -> low levels of employment opportunity ->//

Question 6

Describe the cycle of decline in a rural area

Answer 6

crime and vandalism environmental decay -> low psychological well being -> crime and vandalism

Question 7

Define gated communities

Answer 7

Both in urban and rural settlements, either individual buildings or groups of buildings. designed specifically to deter access by non-residents and reduce crime. Often characterised by 24/7 security and surveillance with CCTV E.g: Middlesbrough

First replicated at a large scale in Londons redeveloped docklands, often come about during/after gentrification

Question 8

Define commuter villages

Answer 8

Villages with good access to areas with major employers e.g. large city. They are characterised by great transport links and affluent population with low levels of multiple deprivation. However, since the population have a far lower demand for services such as local transport, school and local shops, the local population becomes dependant on the low-value agricultural industry. Places with a high-income population face the risk of being outpriced for property
E.g: Winchester which is accessbile by the M3 and fast rail line to London

Question 9

Define declining rural settlements

Answer 9

A rural settlement facing social, economic and or environemtnal degredation as a result of depopulation or other factors
E.g, Powys, Wales:
46.8% of communities which are in 10% most deprived in Wales
Llansilin is a declining settlement
Average house price is 250,000 GBP, still within the 50% most deprivaed in Wales
estimated that 400 rural shops and pubs closed down in 2010

Question 10

state why there is a variation in engagement

Answer 10

Age: those over 60 have more time and are more involved
Gender: On average women spend more time engaged in communities as a result of many reasons
Ethnicity: when ethnicity is combined with deprivation, voter turnout increase significantly e.g. Bangladeshi community in East-London
Length of residence: short-term residence are less likely to feel an attachment to an area and therefore engage less

Question 11

State how does lived experience affect engagement

Answer 11

People who were brought up in loyalist communities are more likely to be one themselves and consequently lead to different engagement e.g. when the decision to not fly the union jack outside Belfast city hall prompted protests outside of Belfast city hall, these engagements lead to the reflection of wider issues

Question 12

Evidence New Malden needs regeneration

Answer 12

Average house price: 560,000GBP
Average Income: 30,000 GBP
Deprivation Deciles:
-Income - 2 - 17%
-Health- 3 - 17%
-Crime - (3-33%) (4-33%)
Education: 15% no qualifications
5.8% of households are overcrowded
3.3% have no central heating
Lack of alternative open space
Station in significant location is kinda mank
Kingston council: "Lack of attractive open space, more 3-4 bedroom dwellings are required comapred to the number of 1 and 2 bedroom apartments and houses"

Question 13

Evidence New Malden does not need regeneration

Answer 13

Only 3% of people below “fair health”
Deciles:
-Health -decile: 10-9-8 100%
-Education, skills and training -decile: 10,9, 100%
-Income, decile: 8,9,10, 83%
Regeneration plans are uncertain and could cause more harm than good e.g. increased traffic, outpricing of residents, removal of greenspace and pollition
-renovations would be omre suitable as they would improve whilst not cause long-term spacial coners

Question 14

State how do different media present the same thing in different ways in terms of the need for regeneration

Answer 14

In response to a BBC report on Middlesbrough:
Guardian (reputable slightly left-leaning paper): “Is Middlesbrough the worst place to live > Ofcom has backed the condemnation of Middlesbrough on location, location, location. But do residents agree”
Daily Mail (sensationalist tabloid): Middlesbrough really is the worst place to live: damming verdict on location, location, location”
Telegraph (paper with economically right agenda): “What can Middlesbrough teach Britain? Four lessons on how to rebalance the economy, the government should look North”
Despite all the different viewpoints, the Office for national statistics Government Report released in 2015 confirmed that objectively Middlesbrough holds the worst cases for deprivation

Question 15

What is an example of a successful region

Answer 15

Sydney

Berkshire

Question 16

Describe the location of Berkshire

Answer 16

South East England, West of London

Question 17

What are the two things making Berkshire successful

Answer 17

Employment and Transport links

Question 18

how does employment make Berkshire successful

Answer 18

High rates of employment, home to major tech firms such as Microsoft and Oracle
-Home to slough trading estate which is the UK’s largest industrial park and hosts headquaters of TNC’s such as O2
-Newbury hosts headquaters of NFER and Vodafone
-Bracknel has headquaters ofWaitrose and BMW
-Half of all workers are in the Knowldege based, managerial and proffesional occupations
All of this together leads to a culmination of very wealthy citizens which through taxation and the citizens spending, leads to lots of money in circulation within th econommy and consequently lots of money to re-investt.

Question 19

How do transport links contribute to the success of Berkshire

Answer 19

• Connected via the M4 to London, which is linked to everywhere
• Close to heathrow airport (internation links are made easily)
• close to railway which connects most areas within the UK

Question 20

What are the strengths of Berkshire

Answer 20

• Many effective transport links e.g. Heathrow airport, M4 and Great Western Railway line
• Home of many high end firms such as Microsoft, O2 and BMW
• Tourism, Lego Land

Question 21

What are the weaknesses of Birkshire

Answer 21

• Cost of living is very high due to high demand
• House prices have increased between 40 and 50 % in last 10 years
• House prices are out of reach for 20% of the population
• There is a lack of high skilled workers, however this could potentially be helped by increased inward migration

Question 22

What opportunities does Berkshire present

Answer 22

• Large amounts of tech companies and large TNC headquaters which leads to many employment opportunities
• Surrounded by many countries, access to a large number of people
• Development into surrounding counties
• Tech startups increase job opportunities and net revenue of each area

Question 23

What threats does Berkshire face

Answer 23

• HS2 railway, London to Birmingham in 42 minutes (increases competition and some may be more partial to settling in a arger city such as Birmingham)
• Lack of skilled workers, by 2020 there will be a defecit of around 70,000 workers
• expansion of London and other areas causing competition for Berkshire

Question 24

How is Sydney a succesfull place and why

Answer 24

Sydney is located on the “Sunbelt” which stretches along the Autralian coast from Brisbane to Melbourne

• Large companies with a less desirable cold climate are partial to setting up in warmer areas
• Many employees are eager to move to warmer climate ssuch as sydney
• The infulx of high earning employees has led to the development of gated communities
• 40/43 of foreign banks in Australia have a headquaters in Sydney
• In 2011, Sydney had over 450,000 buisness which include half og Austalias top 500 companies e.g. Qantas
• Young economically active workforece with a median age of 36
• Low levels of multiple deprivation especially in western suburbs which is home to high employmment and above average income

Question 25

how does a young median age influence the success of an area

Answer 25

a young population means that workers are less likely to have families and greater responsibilites and constantly devote most of their time to their work. This causes more revenue to be generated through increased productivity. This money is then circulated and taxed, consequently there is more money to be ivested and therefore more potential for development in a region such as its infrastructure which attracts more inwards investment.

Question 26

What is the rust belt

Answer 26

reference to the once powerful manufacturing regions that stretched from the great lakes to the midwest. Famous for steal and car production. It fell into economic decline following automation, global shift and increasing free trade

Question 27

define urban decline in the rust belt context

Answer 27

The continuation of probelms associated with the loss of core employments and large scale de-industralisation of manufacturing areas

Question 28

where is detroit

Answer 28

Mid-West USA, Michigan in the rust belt

Question 29

where is the rust belt

Answer 29

North-East USA to Midwest America. States included are New York e.g. Buffalo, Pennsylvania, Ohio, North Western parts of West Virginia, Indiana, Michigan and Illinois

Question 30

What did Detroit specialise in

Answer 30

Primary manufacturing: Detroits primary buisness was in automobile manufacturing especially with Ford Motors. At the River Rouge plant alone in 1927 there were 90,000 workers. As a result of increased mechanisation in the industry, many lost their jobs, As well as this, many companies outsourced leading to a decline in job opportunities, this came about due to globalisation. As a result of de-industralisation, de-population occured. Fall of over 600,000 people in Detroit between 1950-1980

Question 31

What were the impacts of decline

Answer 31

- population decline and brain drain - high unemployment leading to crime and drugs involvment spike - reduced revenue for councils as consumer spending falls

Question 32

explain the rural spiral of decline / negative multiplier effect

Answer 32

- closure of a factory or coal mine leads - redundunt workforce - less money to spend - less money spent on local stores which then close down - housing falls into disrepair and disuse which leads to environemntal decay - depression and despair ensues which leads to long term unemployment - long term unemployment leads to out migration of people with transferable skills, education and health services are reduced which leads to the increase in crime and vandalism which further contributes to envrionmental decay - the lack of wealth also leads to mass redundency

Question 33

What effects did the spiral of decline cause in Detroit

Answer 33

- after outmigration only 5% of the population had graduate degrees - median household income was $12,000, very little compared to the national average of $54,000 - half of all families lived below the poverty lines - mens life expectancy fell to be 8 years below the national average - not uncommon for 3 families to live under one roof - drugs and crime rates rose by 56% - funding was diverted to healthcare so less money went on social welfare such as food stamps

Question 34

What are sink estates an example of

Answer 34

social segregation by residential sorting, a common feature of inequality

Question 35

How does age affect participation and attatchemt to an area

Answer 35

18. 7% of Cornwalls population is aged 65-84, high compared to national average of 14.2% - There are moer people with time to devote to their community - Those aged over 60 are more likely to vote in election

Question 36

How does Gender affect participation and attatchemt to an area

Answer 36

Women are more likely to engage in community worke.g. in Grampound (2015) women were in the mojority in work groups and comitees

Question 37

How does Length of residece affect participation and attatchemt to an area

Answer 37

Those with a longer time of residence are more likely to develop an attachment to an area and therefore be more engaged: -Short term residents living in an area for 3-12 months are unlikely to develop an attatchment to an area and hence are less likely to engage with the local community / area

Question 38

How does Ethnicity and lived experience affect participation and attatchemt to an area

Answer 38

-where there is an issue of inequality or issues that effects members of a population suchas a particular ethnicity, participation tends to be higher E.g. decision not to fly British flag in Belfast prompted protests from loyalist communities -sometimes loyalty to a place can be more important to individuals than their race or ethnicity e.g. in Bolton people of all ethnicities, religions and age supported local boxer Amir Khan

Question 39

How does deprivation and the effect of ethnicity affect participation and attatchemt to an area

Answer 39

Deprivation influences people's engagement and attatchment to an area. Commonly the poor dont vote as much as the wealthy, however if deprivation levels are combined with ethnicity, it can increase engagement to an area: -in 2001 general election, voter turnout within East Londons Bangladeshi community's turnout was highest -Ed Fieldhouse, professor at the uni of manchester believes that people vote where they have faced prejudice or exploitation at work and that traditions of community organisation have transferred to east london from Bangladesh However: -Electoral commision dound that 7.5 million voters were not registered ->poor, black and young people in urban areas were less likely to be on the electoral roll -> of eligible, 66% did not cast a vote -> compared to something like the Scottish independace referendum, 84.5% was the turnout

Question 40

what factors contributed to the 2011 riots

Answer 40

- murder of Mark Duggan by police, an afrocaribean resident - petty criminality - urban deprivation - allienated and idsaffected youyh - high youth unemployment - government cutbacks - increased tuition fees - unusually warm summer - anger about banker bonuses - police stop and search tactics - poor relationships between police and black community in Tottenham

Question 41

what regeneration took place post around the time of the London riots

Answer 41

- Mayor of London invested £28 million in Tottenham but it disenfranchised other areas - Rebuilding Peackock industrial estate created 5000 jobs but it caused the closure of (temporary and permanent) small buisnesses - investment allowed companies to take an apprentice from local schools to help plan redevelopment - harringey council mployed a planning and design consultency to create housing zones with 10,000 new homes around Tottenham hale station - need for affordable housing removed the profit element which some argue could have been used to re-invest into the local community - some regeneration/gentrification in Tottenham may have caused increase in house prices, consequently the working class will be opposed to the gentrification

Question 42

Why are some against regeneration in New Malden

Answer 42

- a proposed new housing estate would replace a resource centre (Hobkirk House along Blagdon Road), residents argue that this building would be a "sore thumb in our town" - regeneration plans would remove greenspace which is also contradictory to part of the councils stated intent for regeneration "lack of attractive greenspace" - new developments could cause: overly high housing prices and population denisty, greenspace removes, congestion and icnreased pressure on schools and emergency services as well as an increase in pollution coupled with environmental degradation

Question 43

what two types of data can we use to evaluate the need for regeneration

Answer 43

Quantative and Qualitative

Question 44

How does quantative data aid in evaluating the need for regeneration

Answer 44

- These are statistical facts often provided by the government via the Cesus or IMD - This method is objecevtive and does not have bias if conducted properly and is very effective for comparisons to be used e.g. Census which is done every 10 years - Sources such as neighbourhood statistics and the labour force survey make this data available for local areas - Data sets provide data on the social, economic and environmental aspects of an area to show variations within and on larger spacial scales - It may be manipluated in order to show differences in deprivation levels e.g. Spearmans rank which should use about 10-30 data sets - Data can be skewed to purpetrate a specific agenda

Question 45

How does qualitative data aid in evaluating the need for regeneration

Answer 45

- non-statistical/numerical, often based of oppinions based on peoples lived experience - Some main sources are newspapers which highlight the subjective nature of qualitative data - For example on the situation of Middlesborough, the Guardian (a reputable centre-left paper) wrote an article titled "is Middlesborough the worst place to live?, Ofcom has backed the condeming of Middlesborough on location, location, location. But do residents agree?" - the daily mail (sensationalist and tabloidy) went with "MIDDLESbOrough REALLY IS WORST PLACE TO lIve: DAMMIng verdict on location location location" - The the right wing (economically) telegraph (who's economic bias leads them to want regeneration to be focused on micro-buisnesses with trickle down effects) went with "what can middlesbrough teach britain? four lessons on how to reabalence the economy, the government should look north". - Regardless of the opinion of these publications, the Office for National Statistics Government Report released in 2015 confirmed objectivley that on most factors, the worst casrs of deprivation are in Middlesborough