EQ2 Flashcards
Define sink estate
Housing estates characterised by high levels of economic and social deprivation and crime, especially domestic violence drugs and warfare
Children born in sink estates are:
- 2x as likely to have mental issues
-11x more likely to be unemployed
-9x more likely to be in a jobless houshold
1/3 of families in sink estates claim benefits
They were intended to help those who are disadvantaged however they had the opposite effect due to their severse social decline
e.g. east middlesbrough estate where 30% of people are not in permenant employment, Broadwater farm London or Barracks Glasgow
NOT ALL RUN DOWN ESTATES ARE SINK ESTATES
Describe the characteristics of a successful region
Low levels of multiple deprivation, high rates of employment and inward migration
Define multiple deprivation
An overall measure of deprivation of an area. It takes into account education, health, crime, education, income, employment, access to services and living environment
State what can cause a spiral of decline (Detroit)
- Overseas companies produce cheaper goods which lead to the importation of said products rather than domestically producing them, causing many people to become redundant
- Mining companies have mechanised to cut costs resulting in job losses
- Lower wage costs in the south-eastern USA have led to the relocation of the steel and car industries (80,000 jobs lost between 1993-2008)
Describe the cycle of decline in an urban area
Low levels of income and high unemployment -> low spending levels in the local economy -> loss of workers for local businesses + low-value housing + high government welfare spending -> low revenue from taxes and sales to local council -> little money available to invest in transport infrastructure -> are is unattractive to investors -> low levels of employment opportunity ->//
Describe the cycle of decline in a rural area
crime and vandalism environmental decay -> low psychological well being -> crime and vandalism
Define gated communities
Both in urban and rural settlements, either individual buildings or groups of buildings. designed specifically to deter access by non-residents and reduce crime. Often characterised by 24/7 security and surveillance with CCTV E.g: Middlesbrough
First replicated at a large scale in Londons redeveloped docklands, often come about during/after gentrification
Define commuter villages
Villages with good access to areas with major employers e.g. large city. They are characterised by great transport links and affluent population with low levels of multiple deprivation. However, since the population have a far lower demand for services such as local transport, school and local shops, the local population becomes dependant on the low-value agricultural industry. Places with a high-income population face the risk of being outpriced for property
E.g: Winchester which is accessbile by the M3 and fast rail line to London
Define declining rural settlements
A rural settlement facing social, economic and or environemtnal degredation as a result of depopulation or other factors
E.g, Powys, Wales:
46.8% of communities which are in 10% most deprived in Wales
Llansilin is a declining settlement
Average house price is 250,000 GBP, still within the 50% most deprivaed in Wales
estimated that 400 rural shops and pubs closed down in 2010
state why there is a variation in engagement
Age: those over 60 have more time and are more involved
Gender: On average women spend more time engaged in communities as a result of many reasons
Ethnicity: when ethnicity is combined with deprivation, voter turnout increase significantly e.g. Bangladeshi community in East-London
Length of residence: short-term residence are less likely to feel an attachment to an area and therefore engage less
State how does lived experience affect engagement
People who were brought up in loyalist communities are more likely to be one themselves and consequently lead to different engagement e.g. when the decision to not fly the union jack outside Belfast city hall prompted protests outside of Belfast city hall, these engagements lead to the reflection of wider issues
Evidence New Malden needs regeneration
Average house price: 560,000GBP Average Income: 30,000 GBP Deprivation Deciles: -Income - 2 - 17% -Health- 3 - 17% -Crime - (3-33%) (4-33%) Education: 15% no qualifications 5.8% of households are overcrowded 3.3% have no central heating Lack of alternative open space Station in significant location is kinda mank Kingston council: "Lack of attractive open space, more 3-4 bedroom dwellings are required comapred to the number of 1 and 2 bedroom apartments and houses"
Evidence New Malden does not need regeneration
Only 3% of people below “fair health”
Deciles:
-Health -decile: 10-9-8 100%
-Education, skills and training -decile: 10,9, 100%
-Income, decile: 8,9,10, 83%
Regeneration plans are uncertain and could cause more harm than good e.g. increased traffic, outpricing of residents, removal of greenspace and pollition
-renovations would be omre suitable as they would improve whilst not cause long-term spacial coners
State how do different media present the same thing in different ways in terms of the need for regeneration
In response to a BBC report on Middlesbrough:
Guardian (reputable slightly left-leaning paper): “Is Middlesbrough the worst place to live > Ofcom has backed the condemnation of Middlesbrough on location, location, location. But do residents agree”
Daily Mail (sensationalist tabloid): Middlesbrough really is the worst place to live: damming verdict on location, location, location”
Telegraph (paper with economically right agenda): “What can Middlesbrough teach Britain? Four lessons on how to rebalance the economy, the government should look North”
Despite all the different viewpoints, the Office for national statistics Government Report released in 2015 confirmed that objectively Middlesbrough holds the worst cases for deprivation
What is an example of a successful region
Sydney
Berkshire
Describe the location of Berkshire
South East England, West of London
What are the two things making Berkshire successful
Employment and Transport links
how does employment make Berkshire successful
High rates of employment, home to major tech firms such as Microsoft and Oracle
-Home to slough trading estate which is the UK’s largest industrial park and hosts headquaters of TNC’s such as O2
-Newbury hosts headquaters of NFER and Vodafone
-Bracknel has headquaters ofWaitrose and BMW
-Half of all workers are in the Knowldege based, managerial and proffesional occupations
All of this together leads to a culmination of very wealthy citizens which through taxation and the citizens spending, leads to lots of money in circulation within th econommy and consequently lots of money to re-investt.
How do transport links contribute to the success of Berkshire
- Connected via the M4 to London, which is linked to everywhere
- Close to heathrow airport (internation links are made easily)
- close to railway which connects most areas within the UK
What are the strengths of Berkshire
- Many effective transport links e.g. Heathrow airport, M4 and Great Western Railway line
- Home of many high end firms such as Microsoft, O2 and BMW
- Tourism, Lego Land
What are the weaknesses of Birkshire
- Cost of living is very high due to high demand
- House prices have increased between 40 and 50 % in last 10 years
- House prices are out of reach for 20% of the population
- There is a lack of high skilled workers, however this could potentially be helped by increased inward migration
What opportunities does Berkshire present
- Large amounts of tech companies and large TNC headquaters which leads to many employment opportunities
- Surrounded by many countries, access to a large number of people
- Development into surrounding counties
- Tech startups increase job opportunities and net revenue of each area
What threats does Berkshire face
- HS2 railway, London to Birmingham in 42 minutes (increases competition and some may be more partial to settling in a arger city such as Birmingham)
- Lack of skilled workers, by 2020 there will be a defecit of around 70,000 workers
- expansion of London and other areas causing competition for Berkshire
How is Sydney a succesfull place and why
Sydney is located on the “Sunbelt” which stretches along the Autralian coast from Brisbane to Melbourne
- Large companies with a less desirable cold climate are partial to setting up in warmer areas
- Many employees are eager to move to warmer climate ssuch as sydney
- The infulx of high earning employees has led to the development of gated communities
- 40/43 of foreign banks in Australia have a headquaters in Sydney
- In 2011, Sydney had over 450,000 buisness which include half og Austalias top 500 companies e.g. Qantas
- Young economically active workforece with a median age of 36
- Low levels of multiple deprivation especially in western suburbs which is home to high employmment and above average income
how does a young median age influence the success of an area
a young population means that workers are less likely to have families and greater responsibilites and constantly devote most of their time to their work. This causes more revenue to be generated through increased productivity. This money is then circulated and taxed, consequently there is more money to be ivested and therefore more potential for development in a region such as its infrastructure which attracts more inwards investment.
What is the rust belt
reference to the once powerful manufacturing regions that stretched from the great lakes to the midwest. Famous for steal and car production. It fell into economic decline following automation, global shift and increasing free trade
define urban decline in the rust belt context
The continuation of probelms associated with the loss of core employments and large scale de-industralisation of manufacturing areas
where is detroit
Mid-West USA, Michigan in the rust belt
where is the rust belt
North-East USA to Midwest America. States included are New York e.g. Buffalo, Pennsylvania, Ohio, North Western parts of West Virginia, Indiana, Michigan and Illinois
What did Detroit specialise in
Primary manufacturing: Detroits primary buisness was in automobile manufacturing especially with Ford Motors. At the River Rouge plant alone in 1927 there were 90,000 workers. As a result of increased mechanisation in the industry, many lost their jobs, As well as this, many companies outsourced leading to a decline in job opportunities, this came about due to globalisation. As a result of de-industralisation, de-population occured. Fall of over 600,000 people in Detroit between 1950-1980
What were the impacts of decline
- population decline and brain drain
- high unemployment leading to crime and drugs involvment spike
- reduced revenue for councils as consumer spending falls
explain the rural spiral of decline / negative multiplier effect
- closure of a factory or coal mine leads
- redundunt workforce
- less money to spend
- less money spent on local stores which then close down
- housing falls into disrepair and disuse which leads to environemntal decay
- depression and despair ensues which leads to long term unemployment
- long term unemployment leads to out migration of people with transferable skills, education and health services are reduced which leads to the increase in crime and vandalism which further contributes to envrionmental decay
- the lack of wealth also leads to mass redundency
What effects did the spiral of decline cause in Detroit
- after outmigration only 5% of the population had graduate degrees
- median household income was $12,000, very little compared to the national average of $54,000
- half of all families lived below the poverty lines
- mens life expectancy fell to be 8 years below the national average
- not uncommon for 3 families to live under one roof
- drugs and crime rates rose by 56%
- funding was diverted to healthcare so less money went on social welfare such as food stamps
What are sink estates an example of
social segregation by residential sorting, a common feature of inequality
How does age affect participation and attatchemt to an area
- 7% of Cornwalls population is aged 65-84, high compared to national average of 14.2%
- There are moer people with time to devote to their community
- Those aged over 60 are more likely to vote in election
How does Gender affect participation and attatchemt to an area
Women are more likely to engage in community worke.g. in Grampound (2015) women were in the mojority in work groups and comitees
How does Length of residece affect participation and attatchemt to an area
Those with a longer time of residence are more likely to develop an attachment to an area and therefore be more engaged:
-Short term residents living in an area for 3-12 months are unlikely to develop an attatchment to an area and hence are less likely to engage with the local community / area
How does Ethnicity and lived experience affect participation and attatchemt to an area
-where there is an issue of inequality or issues that effects members of a population suchas a particular ethnicity, participation tends to be higher
E.g. decision not to fly British flag in Belfast prompted protests from loyalist communities
-sometimes loyalty to a place can be more important to individuals than their race or ethnicity e.g. in Bolton people of all ethnicities, religions and age supported local boxer Amir Khan
How does deprivation and the effect of ethnicity affect participation and attatchemt to an area
Deprivation influences people’s engagement and attatchment to an area. Commonly the poor dont vote as much as the wealthy, however if deprivation levels are combined with ethnicity, it can increase engagement to an area:
-in 2001 general election, voter turnout within East Londons Bangladeshi community’s turnout was highest
-Ed Fieldhouse, professor at the uni of manchester believes that people vote where they have faced prejudice or exploitation at work and that traditions of community organisation have transferred to east london from Bangladesh
However:
-Electoral commision dound that 7.5 million voters were not registered
->poor, black and young people in urban areas were less likely to be on the electoral roll
-> of eligible, 66% did not cast a vote
-> compared to something like the Scottish independace referendum, 84.5% was the turnout
what factors contributed to the 2011 riots
- murder of Mark Duggan by police, an afrocaribean resident
- petty criminality
- urban deprivation
- allienated and idsaffected youyh
- high youth unemployment
- government cutbacks
- increased tuition fees
- unusually warm summer
- anger about banker bonuses
- police stop and search tactics
- poor relationships between police and black community in Tottenham
what regeneration took place post around the time of the London riots
- Mayor of London invested £28 million in Tottenham but it disenfranchised other areas
- Rebuilding Peackock industrial estate created 5000 jobs but it caused the closure of (temporary and permanent) small buisnesses
- investment allowed companies to take an apprentice from local schools to help plan redevelopment
- harringey council mployed a planning and design consultency to create housing zones with 10,000 new homes around Tottenham hale station
- need for affordable housing removed the profit element which some argue could have been used to re-invest into the local community
- some regeneration/gentrification in Tottenham may have caused increase in house prices, consequently the working class will be opposed to the gentrification
Why are some against regeneration in New Malden
- a proposed new housing estate would replace a resource centre (Hobkirk House along Blagdon Road), residents argue that this building would be a “sore thumb in our town”
- regeneration plans would remove greenspace which is also contradictory to part of the councils stated intent for regeneration “lack of attractive greenspace”
- new developments could cause: overly high housing prices and population denisty, greenspace removes, congestion and icnreased pressure on schools and emergency services as well as an increase in pollution coupled with environmental degradation
what two types of data can we use to evaluate the need for regeneration
Quantative and Qualitative
How does quantative data aid in evaluating the need for regeneration
- These are statistical facts often provided by the government via the Cesus or IMD
- This method is objecevtive and does not have bias if conducted properly and is very effective for comparisons to be used e.g. Census which is done every 10 years
- Sources such as neighbourhood statistics and the labour force survey make this data available for local areas
- Data sets provide data on the social, economic and environmental aspects of an area to show variations within and on larger spacial scales
- It may be manipluated in order to show differences in deprivation levels e.g. Spearmans rank which should use about 10-30 data sets
- Data can be skewed to purpetrate a specific agenda
How does qualitative data aid in evaluating the need for regeneration
- non-statistical/numerical, often based of oppinions based on peoples lived experience
- Some main sources are newspapers which highlight the subjective nature of qualitative data
- For example on the situation of Middlesborough, the Guardian (a reputable centre-left paper) wrote an article titled “is Middlesborough the worst place to live?, Ofcom has backed the condeming of Middlesborough on location, location, location. But do residents agree?”
- the daily mail (sensationalist and tabloidy) went with “MIDDLESbOrough REALLY IS WORST PLACE TO lIve: DAMMIng verdict on location location location”
- The the right wing (economically) telegraph (who’s economic bias leads them to want regeneration to be focused on micro-buisnesses with trickle down effects) went with “what can middlesbrough teach britain? four lessons on how to reabalence the economy, the government should look north”.
- Regardless of the opinion of these publications, the Office for National Statistics Government Report released in 2015 confirmed objectivley that on most factors, the worst casrs of deprivation are in Middlesborough
