EQ1 Flashcards
define place
Are or location, variation in characteristics fixed/ fluid boundries change in places (local national global) in socail economic and physical aspects
define rural urban continium
The unbroken transition from sparesley populated or upopulated remote rural places to densley populated, intensivley used urban places (town and city centres)
define dynamism
a variable in “places” it is the rate at which said places change
define distinctive places
can be distinctive due to personal factors such as: past experiences, familier or friends. Other factors may be more objective such as its geology, physical features, infrastructure or population (human factors), the wealth and exports and raw resources (economic factors) or as a result of regional specialties or areas or historical significance e.g. Aushwitz
Describe the clark fisher model of employment
Primary activities: decreasing at a constant rate as an area moves from pre industrial to post industrial
Secondary activities: start increasing at a decereasing gradient uo until the end of industrial period and then start to decrease on an increasing gradient
Quaternary activities: start increasing at a constant gradient after the post industrial stage, dont exist before that
Quinary activities: start increasing at a low constant gradient far into the post industrial stage
Give examples of jobs in each sector (primary, secondary etc)
primary: farming, mining
secondary: making planks. manufacturing
teritiary: cashier, anything service related
quaternary: analyst, reasercher
quinary: consultancy, leadership
Give statistics to support the idea that variations in economic activities cause variations in social factors
Kingston upon Thames: income (av) £35,500 employment 71% 65% in good health, 1% in very bad health Life expectancy 84 48% degree or higher qualification
Hackney: income (av) £29,500 employment 64% 42.5% in good health 6.8% in bad health 81 life expectancy 14.4% deree or higher education
UK average: £28,000 av income 71% emplotment 46.5% in good health 4.5% in bad health
How does variation in emplyoment and income cause variations in social factors
More income + employment means:
-more generated tax
-therefore more money given to the local government
-more money can be re-invested into the economy
-better hospitals and social service increase quality of life
-this leads to greater productivity
-positive feedback loopair quality etc
Alternativley:
-people with more money can afford private education which may in some cases be better than public
-Wealthier people are more likely to push education to their children in contrast to working class people
-afford private healthcare which can be better than public healthcare or sometimes the only option such as in the US
-Wealthier people can also afford to move out of polluted areas and therefore live in areas with better air quality and hence be in better health, increasing their life expectancy, quality of llife etc
define full time, part time, permenant, self employed, temporary and zero house contracts
full time: when employers use their full working time for their jobs (18.4m people in 2015)
part time: When employees work for only part of their full working time (8.4m people in 2015)
permanent: when the job contract does not have a specified end date
self-employed: when an individues does not directly work for an employer
temporary: when the job contract has a sepcific end-date
zero-housrs: desugbed for “on call” ir “casual work”, there are no obligations by the employer or employee
What is the IMD
Index of Multiple Deprivation:
- a measure of relative deprivation, not all aspect of a highly deprived area will be deprived
- 37 indicies are used which is split into 4 categories including employment (highest weighted), health and education
- Used by governments and authorities to target generation aid
How has the transistion in employment impacted different areas in the UK
- The transistion into a post-industrial economy in the UK has not been equal
- There are temendous inequalities in the level of pay and type of work e.g. Hartlepool has the highest unemployment rate for a long time (20%)
- In Camden, 34% of children live in poverty compared to the national 21%
- unemployment is prevelant in both Hartlepool and Camden
How does employment link with health
- Reaserch shows that growing up in poverty and likelyhood of dropping out of further education is associated with poorer health in later life
- In turn poor health and lack of education affects ability to work and availability of job opportunites
- Poor health hinders a persons education and lead to difficulties for employment
- A lack of employment leads to povery which leads to alower standard of health for the following reasons:
- -less taxes are paid so less money to invest into healthcare
- -Less people can afford private healthcare
- -People often will resort to quick and chrap fastfood which is less healthy and detrimental to a persons health
- -people on lower incomes are less likely to attend higher education, which would otherwise increase their chances for achieving a higher paid job
How does employment link with education
Lack of employment ecreases wealth which hinders educational indicies:
- lower health decreases likelyhood of attending further education as university is expensive regarding living costs
- this in turn decreases the likelyhood of an individuals employment opportunities as those with a higher education are more than likely to outcompete them
- It is often the case that people decide to turn to employment rather than higher education, this can be beneficial depending on the nature of the employment however in the long term it tends not to be as economically rewarding
how do employment opportunities relate to deprivationa and other factors
- employment opportunities are often dependant on ones education, which is often limited by a persons social status (e.g. houshold wealth)
- contrary to expectation, deprivation does not alway lead to less employment opportunities, for example - Sparkbrook Birmingham, although it ranks high on the deprivation index, the large population of British Pakistanis are highly entrepreneurial. Old unused sites such as old factories are converted into boutique fashion stores or bakeries, wedding dress shops, restaurants etc
- The trickle-down effects of these buisnesses diversify the market and create more buisness and employment opportunities
What is the situation regarding inequality in pay levels regarding the UK
- In 2014 the richest 13% accumulated as much income as 55% of the population
- Richmond has best health and is highest earning borough-London s economic structure is one of great inequality, despite the living wage increase of 3% in 2014, there are still many people aerning below the London living wage-2016, minimum wage increased for over 25’s up to £7.20 an hour
- Bankers and Doctors earn most whilst construction workers and teacher earn the least
- Wages of the highest earners rose by 17% whilst lower earners were earning on average 11% less
- top 10% of earners earn average of £53,248 per annum and their pay continied to rise during the 2008 recession
- 5 families control 20% of countries wealth
- Annual onuses are upwards of £1 million for the elite executive of FTSE 100 companies
- Whilst bottom earners earn a weekly salary under £228
- 2% of labour force is on zero hours contracts, much of this group lack savings and are forced into debt
- Number of people recieving 3 days or more worth of emergency food increased from 26,000 to 900,000 from 2009 to 2014
What change led to the decline of the london docklands
- containarisation, Thames was not deep enough to deal with large container ships
- New port was built 30km east of central London
- Last of original East End Docks closed in 1981, back in 1970’s they were the UK’s largest docks
- Between 78 and 83, 12,000 jobs were lost
- Docks downstream of tower bridge were abandoned
- East End population fell by 100,000 between 1971 nad 1981
descrive the location of the docklands
- South East England
- central/east London on the river thames
How did the london docklands change agter their decline
- Inner cities were re-branded, garden festivals created to give London a “greener image”
- Marker led regeneration occured, the private sector made decions on buildings in the area
- Canary Wharf was the main project, now its Lodnon’s second CBD after Bank
What are the reasons for the changes in the London Docklands dunctions and demographic characteristics over time
- Decline in the docks, lots of money lost and land was going to waste
- Private sector investors were interested in the land
- Development in infrastructure especially transport, extending the jubilee line, docklands light railway was developed and London city airport was established
- Older residents left but younger generation replaced them
- immigration bought in a younger and more diverse population– Globalisation
- housing supply was low and there had to be an increase
- Government granted comapnies interested in regenerating Canary Wharf and setting up their officies there were awarded a tax free status for all their activities happening in the docklands
what issues remain in the london docklands
- Those in poor health are still unable to find work and are concentrated in the low cost social housing
- Tower hamlets still has lowest London life expectancy (77 years)
Define functions
determined by the poeople who live there and the many influences on their life
define demographic characteristics
the people who live in an area, their age and ethnicity
how have administrative changes changed a function of an area
changes by the administration in planning e.g. regenerative or replanning of areas has led to fundemental changes in land use. Banks, courts and regional headquaters have been implemented in otherwise agricultural land
how have commercial changes changed a function of an area
e.g. Eden street has been pedestrianised which increases the number of people coming in. Old factories have been converted into office space and other commercial guilds
How has gentrification changed land use over time
old un-used buildings have been made into offices and run down areas modernised since the influx of extra income to the local government often as a result of an influx of students
How as local retail been affected in recent years
globalisation has allowed goods to be shipped in, there is a great increase in competition and consequently many local stores have been forced to shut down
why have demographics in different areas changed
Age Structure: has changed due to migration as a reulst of positive change to an area, many pull factors such as job opportunities and new infrastructure such as a university which causes an influx of students who are predominantly young
Ethnic composition: Ethnic composition change due to migration, for eample in London, many Jamaican migrants arrived via the windrush and settled in South London. Immigrants have arrived as a result of the increased development which lea to an increase in labour demand
define gentrification
gentrification is the re-building / refurbishment of an area which leads to a reduction of depriation and causes an overal improvment in an area in many aspects such as: housing qualiity, healthcare, pollution etc, by the influx of wealth
how do physical factors cause a change in fucnton and or demographics
- sea level rise + climate change lead to high eriosion rates on costal settlements
- Increased concern over climate change is leading to changing shape policy, architecture and land-use decisions e.g. Farmland is being used for solar farms, renewable resources and zer-emission buildings are integrated into urban planning
- New buildings in south-east London are made with the integration of heat and power along with planned space for an ecology park and prioratising private transport
- On blackpool flood defences hae been made, also the seafront has been regenerated with 6 new headlands to provide more open space for tourist attractions and better access to the beach
- proximity to large economic zones will shift the function of surrounding zones e.g. areas around the central economic zones will often be residential
How has accessibility and conectedness affected the function and or demographics of an area
- Development of motorway has led to increased competition due to greater accessibility -> This has also lead to the decline of former major railway towns
- Development of the new highspeed railway, billages in Essex and Kent are becomming more popular due to high prices in central London
- Government plans to regenerate a brownfield site into a ‘garden city’ in Ebbsfleet Valley to take advantage of fast rail conecction to London and attract commuters to the housing market there
- Government has spent £530 million on extending broadband which has le to increased housing and commercial benefit in previously disconnected areas
how has historical development impacted the function and or demographic of an area
- Once key areas for primary production (agriculture, farming, fishing) are no longer that important due to the decline of the primary sector in the post industrial area
- Historically, the development towards the optimum site for functions have led towards the core of the village or CBD as it was most accessile in the pre-motor area
- Consumer trends have led to change in areas, also due to increase affluence, buildings have been converted to facilitate leisure and tourism e.g. bars, B&B or second homes
what is a way some areas try to preserve their local hisotircal value
Specific Local Currencies: (e.g. Totnes Pound)
-A local currency has been preserved which has helped local buisnesses along with “buttermilk walk” to thrive + Totnes castle and St Mary’s church exist as major cultural attractions in the town
how has local and national plannig contributed to the function and demographic of an area
- Due to housing crisis, the National Infrastructure Pland has designated towns like Bicester as new garden cities to produces up to 13,000 new homes with a new railway station
- Towns are expanding due to development which puts rural villages at risk of being overrun by expansion, this leads to greater congestion and increased population which causes a increase in house prices as the are becomes more accessible
what resources can be used to survey an area
- population demographics: Census, life expectancy, education (A level, GCSEs and Degrees), wealth, populatoin, age (population pyramids), income, housing change
- landu se changes (government documents)
- maps
- Quality of Life indicies e.g. IMD
- Photos
- Historical house prices
describe Kingston in terms of:
- Age
- Ethnicity
- Type of housing
- Employment status
- Highest qulificatoins
Age: Mostly 16-64, growing population with young people especially from students
Ethnicity: 3/4 White and 1/4 Bame, 32% of primary school children can speak a second language, largely due to migration
Type of housing: average cost is £320k above national average, increase in afordable housing due to student population
Emploment status:73% employment, 24k average salary, above England averagem higher % of population in proffesional roles comapred to national population
Highest qualifications: 41% of over 16’s have NVQ4, equivilant to an undergraduate BTEC qualificaiton
describe Hackney in terms of:
- Age
- Ethnicity
- Type of housing
- Employment status
- Highest qulificatoins
Age: quater is under 20, young population, increase in population leads to younger population
Ethnicity: 36% white and 19% black, very ethnically diverse due to shifts in employment sectors and migration. 6th most diverse in London
Type of housing: 28% is one bedroom, 45% is social housing, increase in social housing
Employment status: 13% proffesionals, 33% knowledge based, 11th most deprived but largest employment base in proffesional and tehnical areas
Highest qulificatoins: 30% increase in NVQ4 qualifiations, similar to London (38%), greater emphasis by local labour government on improving educatoin
How may age change contribute to change in social identity
changes in majority age group may make the newly minority age froups feeel out of place e.g. gentrification through studentification may cause elderly to feel alienated. For example, after the Liverpool regeneration porject, despite a population increase, the 70+ population sharply declined implying that they were displaced as a result of said project
How may ethnicity change contribute to change in social identity
people who see a change in ethnic distrubition in areas may feel less of a national identity. If a person is surrounded by those from the same ethnicity or culture as themselves they may feel more as a part of the area rather than isolated. Their identity is also likely to assossciate with the afformentioned ethnicity and or culture
How may employment status contribute to a persons social identity
a persons job has a large effect on their personal identity, especially when comparing it to the occupation of other people. A lack of employment may redice the pride to someones identity. This not only affects their personal identity but their psychological predesposition which may hinfer their future prospects
how can you employment change be measured
Clark Fisher Model
how can you measure demographic changes
census
how can you measure land use changes
maps and goverment data/files
how can you measure levels of deprivation
Census: average income in areas employment, job application, people on unemployment benefits
Health: can be measured through hospital records
QOI: Quality Of Life can be measures throug all afformentioned factors but also environmental factors such as pollution
what other than income can contribute to deprivation status
living environment: air pollution, river pollution and general area pollition
availability of green space
education (schools availability)
crime
barriers to housing (e.g. no of houses because income could makre more availably in an area)
How have regional connections shaped Kingston and Hackney?
Kingston:
- Kingston has become a commuter borough as there are over 10 train stations as well as the A3 which make it quick and easy to access London
- Kingston is a hub for shopping as it has the rotunda shopping centre as well as many other high street shops
Hackney:
-There are many overground and national rail stations which makes it attractive to young professionals who work in London
How have national connections shaped Kingston and Hackney?
Kingston:
Kingston is one of the least deprived and safest boroughs in both London and the whole of the U.K. For this reason it is a very attractive and expensive borough
Hackney:
Hackney is being regenerated and gentrified as well as receiving new rail lines which has led to a growth in house prices in the area which in turn attracts young professionals to the are
How have international connections shaped the characteristics of Kingston and Hackney?
Kingston:
The large Korean community in the area led to both the Korean embassy and Samsung European headquarters being located in New Malden
Kingston university attracts a large number of international students into the area
Hackney:
Hackney has a large Jewish population which has led to exchanges between Hackney and Israel
In 2016 Hackney received a £1B fund from the EU to build thousands of affordable homes in the area
How have global connections shaped characteristics of Kingston and Hackney?
Kingston:
There are a large number of global brands in the borough, mostly concentrated in the town centre
Unilever headquarters are located in Kingston; a major global brand
Hackney:
Due to high broadband speeds, many global tech firms are locating and investing in the area
Many global brands are located in Hackney, and the often outcompete the local businesses
