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eq2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the relationship between GDP and energy use per capita

A

as GDP increases so does energy use per capita

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2
Q

whats primary energy

A

refers to natural energy resources that have not been converted into another form of energy. it includes non renewable sources such as fossil fuels-( coal, oil and gas), nuclear (uranium) and renewable ( hydro, solar, wind, biomass)

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2
Q

whats secondary energy

A

refers to what the primary source has been converted to, usually electricity. can be heating

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2
Q

why is the UK energy insecure

A

the UK now imports more energy than it produces, it has an energy deficit(energy demand is greater than supply)

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3
Q

talk about environmental priorities and why that makes a places energy mix vary.

A

uk- in 2015, the UK committed to a 40% reduction in domestic greenhouse gas emissions by 2030.
norway- in 2015, Norway committed to a 40% reduction in domestic greenhouse gas emissions by 2030.
norway is the 3rd largest exporter of hydrocarbons

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4
Q

talk about the technology in the UK and Norway and how it leads to an energy mix

A

uk- theres 150 years worth of reserves but its expenisve to extract- may get energy elsewhere
Norway- deepwater drilling allowed Norway and UK to extract North sea oil and gas

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4
Q

talk about political considerations of the UK and Norway and how it leads to an energy mix.

A

UK- the privatisation of Uks energy supply industry means overseas companies decide which energy sources are used to meet the UKs demand.- public concern is growing over new fracking sites
Norway- foreign companies cant own primary source sites here.

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4
Q

what are 6 reasons why energy mix varies

A

-physical availability-climate affects avalibality
-cost
-technology
-political considerations
-level of economic development
-environmental priorities- cultures view env differently eg russia sees natuer as a provider of resources

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4
Q

talk about the physical availability of energy in the uk compared to norway.

A

uk- used to depend heavily on domestic coal and now found oil reserves
Norway- steep valleys, plentiful rainfall and mountainous = HEP readily available

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4
Q

talk about the cost of energy resources in the uk and norway (extraction and hep)

A

uk- north sea oil is expensive to extract so if global prices fall, its less viable
Norway- the cost of HEP is low however the transfer of it to rural areas is expensive.

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5
Q

talk about level of economic development and why that makes a places energy mix vary.(prices)
Norway vs UK

A

UK- average annual household energy costs=£1300
GDP PER capita - 41200
Norway- average annual household energy costs=£2400uk
GDPPC - 61500

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6
Q

unconventional fossil fuels: deep water oil
- explanation-
-positives-
-negatives-

A

explanation-
found in Gulf of Mexico, where one of the largest and deepest oil fields is Atlantis
drilling for oil in deep seawater
-positives-
improve a countries energy security- gives domestic (in country) energy supply
many barrels can be produced
-negatives-
drilling into deep water is not easy and there are hurricanes as well as long distances to shore
-long pipelines needed

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6
Q

what happens if a chokepoint is blocked

A

energy prices can rise quickly

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6
Q

talk about an energy pathway disruption that occurred in the uk

A

during a stormy winter in 2013, UK gas reserves fell to 6 hours worth as storm damage paralysed a pipeline.

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6
Q

despite the increasing concern about carbon emissions, what is still used

A

fossil fuels

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7
Q

4 ways we can transport energy

A

-pipeline overland ( oil and gas)
-bulk carrier ships (coal and uranium)
- tankship (coal and LNG)
-underwater cables (electricity)

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7
Q

what are the 4 unconventional fossil fuels

A

deep water oil, tar sands, oil shale, shale gas (fracking)

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7
Q

physical obstacles to energy pathways

A

vast distances
-hurricane season
-difficult terrain
-seas/oceans
-natural hazards (earthquakes)

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8
Q

unconventional fossil fuels: tar sands
- explanation-
-positives-
-negatives-

A

explanation-
tar sands are a mixture of clay, sand, water and bitumen (very viscous oil). the oil is too thick to be pumped from the ground, instead it must be taken from an open pit, or strip- mined. To recover the oil, it must be separated from the sands using very hot water diluted with lighter hydrocarbons
-positives-
when oil prices are high, it becomes economical to extract the oil from the sands
its raised GDP per capita in some places
-negatives-
amount of energy needed - contribution to global warming
Mining process leaves scars on the landscape
Impacts on wildlife and people

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9
Q

unconventional fossil fuels: oil shale
- explanation-
-positives-
-negatives-

A

explanation-
contains solid bituminous material (kerogen) that forms when slit and organic matter were heated and pressurised under water , but not enough to turn it into oil. oil shale van be mined, but must be heated to a high temp to release the oil
-positives-
The royal Dutch shell has developed a plan to heat shale underground surrounded by a freeze wall so that the kerogen seeps out into drilled holes for collection
provides a domestic/ reliable supply
-negatives-
expensive and releases greenhouse gasses
disturbs land vegetation cover
produces waste- water and air pollution

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10
Q

unconventional fossil fuels: shale gas (fracking)
- explanation-
-positives-
-negatives-

A

explanation-
natural gas, mostly methane trapped inside impermeable rocks, so it cannot be extracted by normal drilling. instead the rock must be broken to free the gas which is done by hydraulic fracturing (fracking); involves horizontal and vertical drilling
-positives-
increasing energy reserves for a country and reducing needs for imports
its a flexible energy source
-negatives-
many drill sites are needed.
lowered local groundwater levels
chemical contamination
adds to greenhouse effect
subsidence
shale gas= fossil fuel

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10
Q

in the early 1970s, western countries experienced an energy crisis, why

A

OPEC placed an embargo on the sales of crude oil to the usa, Japan, uk and the Netherlands

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10
Q

what an embargo

A

a complete ban on trade

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11
Q

what have drastic increases in oil prices lead countries to do

A

the unconventional oil and gas revolution (shale gas) that has signalled a new era of fossil fuel abundance
COP26

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11
Q

what is base load energy

A

a consistent, unbroken supply of energy

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11
Q

What led to the age of fossil fuel abundance

A

in the USA a technique has been perfected that uses horizontal drilling, fracking then takes a matter of hours

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11
Q

3 problems associated with developing renewable energy

A

-although wind and solar producers do not need to pay for their fuel, there are geopolitical concerns about access to raw material that are essential to renewable energy.
- the low- carbon transmission means re-scaling and decentralisation of the energy system. prosumers= households that are both producers and consumers. the growth of prosumers has the potential to destabilase the the existing system based on large power plants and national electricity grids
-wind and solar are intermittent- they do not generate electricity when the wind does not blow or the sun is not shining causing insecurity

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12
Q

what was Germanys response to the Fukishima disaster

A

closed 8 nuclear reactors immediately

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12
Q

challenges germany has faced since closing 8 nuclear stations

A

a greater unexpected reliance on coal has raised geopolitical considerations.

13
Q

safety concerns of nuclear

A

-fukushima
-radiation leaks
-dealing with waste (ongoing issue)

13
Q

whats hinkley point C

A

a step towards energy security
-nuclear is produced at home-lack of reliance in other countries

14
Q

nuclear recyclable- COSTS
ENV
SOC
ECON

A

ENV
-contaminate water with radiation
-natural hazards cause concern
SOC
-nimby (not in my backyard), controversial due to health implications if power plant fails
-natural hazards cause concern- fukushima
ECON
-expensive to build

14
Q

solar, renewable- COSTS
ENV
SOC
ECON

A

ENV
-uses a large amount of land- could be used for farming
-toxic chemicals and energy goes into making cells
SOC
-for individuals, its expensive
ECON
-no sun= no energy- unreliable
-uses a large amount of land- could be used for farming

14
Q

nuclear recyclable- BENEFITS
ENV
SOC
ECON

A

ENV
-less c02 emissions- less global warming
SOC
-create jobs ( Hinkley point provided 25,00 jobs)
ECON
-very efficient energy, jobs created

14
Q

solar, renewable-BENEFITS
ENV
SOC
ECON

A

ENV
less co2 emissions
reduces pollution
SOC
chapel lane solar farm provides 60000 houses with electricity
reduces pollution
ECON
can save money in the long term- individuals can sell surplus energy back to the grid for profit- can be used by poorer countries

14
Q

wind, renewable - COSTS
ENV
SOC
ECON

A

ENV
noisy- in paths of bird migrations
SOC
nimby- some people do not like the aesthetics-not natural
noisy
ECON
initial expense to maintain

14
Q

wind, renewable - BENEFITS
ENV
SOC
ECON

A

ENV
less co2 emissions
SOC
no air pollution
better health
jobs provided
ECON
provides jobs- 2000 construction jobs provided by offshore wind turbine projects off the coast of Yorkshire- Hornsey project 1
long term= saves money

15
Q

SWOT ANALYSIS OF BIOFUEL
strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats

A

STRENGTHS
-lower emissions than fossil fuels
-renewable energy resource
-does not need specialist machinery
WEAKNESSES
- clearing the forest to grow crops means loss of carbon sink
-needs pesticides and fertilizers which uses fossil fuels in their production
-takes land from food production
OPPOURTUNITIES
-positive multiplier effect in rural regions
-infrastructure improvements provided by growers
-fuel earns export income- provides rural inwards investment
THREATS
-contaminates water sources with pesticides or the overuse of fertilizers
-takes investment away from food production
- food shortages occur leading to higher food prices

15
Q

whats biofuel

A

any fuel that is derived from biomass- that is plant or algae material or animal waste

15
Q

human factors affecting energy pathways

A

-political tensions and disagreements, pathways will be blocked at ‘chokepoints’
- armed conflicts
-pirate activity
-socio-economic changes
-embargo and sanctions
-technical problems such as pipeline leaks

16
Q

what are the 5 radical energy solutions

A

-hydrogen fuel cells
-nanotechnology
-nuclear fusion
-electric vehicles
-carbon capture storage

17
Q

what are advantages and disadvantages of the radical energy solutions : HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS

A

+no direct emissions, water is the only waste product
-expensive
+good range of distance u can drive with one fuel
-explosions could occur, hydrogen tanks need to be strong
+fuel cells are efficient
-not many hydrogen refulling stations

17
Q

what are advantages and disadvantages of the radical energy solutions : ELECTRIC VEHCILES

A

-lengthy recharging
-few charging points in some areas
-short range (distance it can travel)
+reduces air pollution in urban areas
+lack of noise pollution
+cheap to run

17
Q

what are advantages and disadvantages of the radical energy solutions : CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE

A

+reliable
-possible safety concerns of pumping large amounts of liquid co2 into rock- stability?
-co2 leakages may occur
+is being highly monitored to help reduce high levels f co2

18
Q

what are advantages and disadvantages of the radical energy solutions : NUCLEAR FUSION

A

-still in its infancy
+no long term radiation
+no greenhouse gasses, clean
-long way from becoming a reality
-expensive
+uses common elements

18
Q

how did Germany respond the the Fukushima disaster

A

Germany immediately closed down 8 of its nuclear power reactors and pledged to close all 17 by 2022

19
Q

state facts about Brazils Biofuels

A

-Brazil is the world leader in producing bio-ethanol
-downside= deforestation
-social unrest has occurred - farm workers have lost land that is now dedicated towards growing sugar cane
-cars running on bioethanol emit 80% less CO2 than petrol driven cars

20
Q

what type of unconventional fossil fuel is banned in the EU

A

tar sands

20
Q

in 2015, how much of the UKs energy was from fossil fuels?

A

80%

20
Q

how did the UK diversify its energy in 2016

A

in 2016, the UK opened Hinkley point C which is a nuclear power station.
-this provided 25,000 jobs

21
Q

the UK is energy insecure, what percentage of its energy is imported?

A

60% of its energy is imported

21
Q

what are the positives of tar sands

A

by 2030, it could meet 16% of North Americas oil needs

21
Q

what are the negatives of tar sands

A

around 1.8 million tonnes of toxic wastewater are produced every day

22
Q

what are the 4 enegry players

A

OPEC
roles of tns
national gov
consumers

22
Q

what is enegry security

A

a constant supply of energy at an affordable price

23
Q

what is a chokepoint

A

geographic locations where the flow of people and goods can be constricted and choked off in the event of a conflict.

23
Q

what is the role and egs of thr role of tns

A

role: TNCs explore, expoilt and distribute energy resources, own supply lines, invest in distribution & processing raw materials, electricity, production and transamission
eg: old players- BP(UK), shell
new players-Petrobras(Brazil)

24
Q

what is the role and eg of OPEC

A

role: coordinate and unify the petroluem policies. ensure stabilisation of oil markets in order to .secure- regular petroleum consumers
.steady income for producers
.fair return of those investing in the industry
egs: past, set oil productions quotas- boosting supplies when demand rose and reducing them when demand fell. now, maintaining output uat high levels kept oils prices low.

24
Q

Define energy security

A

Ensuring that energy supply meets current and future demand

24
Q

Define energy equity

A

Ensuring accesible and affordable energy for all countrys

24
Q

Define environemental sustainability

A

Ensuring efficient use of energy and use of renewablee sources, so reducing pollution and GHG emmisions

24
Q

Define fragile environments

A

Extremely sensitive to environmental shifts and changes

25
Q

What are two examples of state controlled energy companies

A

Gazprom and Coal india LTD

25
Q

Give stats about Coal india ltd

A

80 mining areas
5.9% of global coal production, 80% of indias
Government gained 12.9 billion revenues in 2013/14

25
Q

Give stats about Gazprom

A

gas is a major russian export, helping its trade balance –> earning revenues
Europe (germany) is a large customer, importing 40 billion m^3 of natural gas
Conflicts in 2005, 2013 resulted in sactions

25
Q

How has the russian invasion of ukraine affected UK and EU

A

Fluctuations in price (inflation) - cost of living crisis
Concerns over energy security

25
Q

Summarise the danish approach to energy provision
And how much has GHG been reduced

A

Believes in a holistic regulatory approach to improving energy supplies and reducing reliance on fossil fuels (energy, tax incentives,efficiency)
Since 1990, reduced GHG by 30% and plans for 40% by 2020

26
Q

What are the human obstacles to energy pathways?

A

Political tensions and disagreements
Embargoes and sanctions from Russia iran

27
Q

Name examples of locations for the 4 unconventional fuels

A

DWO - Gulf of mexico
TS - Venezuela
OS - Colorado, utah
Shale gas - USA

28
Q

Define a chokepoint

A

When pathways are blocked because of political tension

28
Q

List 2 chokepoints and briefly explain stats

A

Strait of hormuz - 20% of oil flows through there
Strait of malacca - second largest chokepoint

28
Q
A

Geography (8 decks)

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