EQ2 Flashcards
define global shift
is the international relocation of different types of industrial activity especially manufacturing industries
when did the global shift to asia occur
Since the 1960s, many industries have all but vanished from Europe and North America, and are now thriving in Asia, South America and Africa. This is because of offshoring, outsourcing and now business start ups in emerging economies
positives of the global shift to asia
Industries that had dwindled in Western cultures now thrive in Asia
Cheaper labour, resources
More job opportunities – reducing poverty
increase in Education and training
negatives of the global shift to asia
Sweatshops, child labour, less health and safety regulations
Cultural diffusion due to FDI from the west
Air, water, noise pollution
define airpocalypse
a place suffering with high levels of air pollution
how has the global shift affected developing countries
Communities within many developing economies have experienced major environmental problems because of global shifts.
define deindustrialisation
The decline of manufacturing industries
define economic restructuring
Moving from more primary and secondary industries to tertiary industries.
how has economic restructuring caused issues in developed countries
Economic restructuring has brought a wave of economic and social problems to inner-city areas. during the 1970s, many European and American factory workers lost their jobs.
Western factories closed in large numbers once Asia became the focus of global manufacturing.
spiral of decline
define mega city
a city with a population larger than 10 million
define internal migration
someone whose moves from place to place within the borders of a country
define an economic migrant
a migrant whos motivation is to get a job. Migrants already with a job may be seeking better pay or change in career
define intervening obstacles
barriers that slow down migration, such as political borders or physical features
define centripetal migration
the movement of people directed towards the centre of urban areas
why have people been pulled to urban living
High education system – leads to higher paying jobs
Lots of job opportunities - in mumbai (mega city) offers lots of job opportunities due to FDI and TNCs
Better housing with developed infrastructure
Countries have better technology
Connectivity
Offer hope of promotion and better wages
what social challenges do megacities create
Due to the rapid increase in population healthcare services have an increased pressure to adhere to people’s needs. The increase of informal settlements can lead to health and safety issues as well as it being illegal
Crime rates increasing as inequality leads to people turning to crime to survive
Water availability in China is inadequate in over 100 cities.
what is a global hub
a settlement or region that has become the focal point for activities with a global influence
A global hub is recognised by its influence, rather than its size.
what is interdependance
two places becomes over reliant on financial and/or political connections with one another, therefore becoming interdependent
what are the 3 types of migrants
elite migrants
low wage migrants
rural-urban migrants
what is an elite migrant
Highly skilled and/or socially influential individuals. Their wealth derives from their profession or inherited assets
do elite migrants face many obstacles
NO.
When migrating they meet few obstacles as most governments welcome highly skilled and extremely wealthy migrants
where are low-wage migrants attracted to
They’re drawn to global hubs in large numbers London, LA, Dubai and Riyadh
can low wage migrants be legal and illegal
yes they can both be legal migrants and also be illegal migrants
which industries do low wage migrants work
immigrants working for low wage jobs in kitchens, construction etc
example of low wage migrants living in global hub, UAE
Indians making up 30% of the population within the UAE
Its estimated they send US$15 billion back in remittances to India
most work in transport, construction and manufacturing
what is the main driver of city growth in global hubs
The main driver is rural-urban migrants
example of low wage migrants living in Saudi Arabia
1.5 million filipinos live in Saudi Arabia,Around US$7 billion is returned to the Philippines as remittance
whats the host country
the country where migrants move to
what is the source country
the country where migrants come from
what is a BENEFIT of migrants for the HOST country
Migrants may have a skill that benefits the host country
-Elite migrants benefit the host country as ambitious entrepreneurs may establish new businesses employing others – 14% of UK business start ups are migrant owned
-increase in economic growth as there’s a rise in the amount of workers willing to work improving the host countries economy
-schools may become more culturally diverse as more is known from each country
-low waged immigrants will take the jobs that people may not want increasing employment causing a positive economic impact
what is a BENEFIT of migrants for the SOURCE country
-some government spending costs transferred to the host country
-migrants and their kids may return, bringing new skills e.g young british asians have relocated to india to start up health clubs and restaurant chains
-less public spending on housing and health
-migrant remittances can contribute to national earnings significantly e.g remittance earnings made up for 25% of Nepal’s national earnings in 2014
what is a COST of migrants for the HOST country
local shortages of primary school places due to natural increase among a youthful migrant community
-waiting lists for schools and healthcare increase
-negative environmental impacts (increased noise and air pollution) due to a rise in the amount of vehicles decrease in health due to breathing issues – local communities may blame migration for this and rates of crime could increase due to prejudice and discrimination in the area
-social cohesion - an area may experience tension and discrimination
what is a COST of migrants to the SOURCE country
reduced economic growth as consumption falls
-increase in the proportion of aged dependants and the long term economic challenges this creates
-Closure of some university courses due to a lack of students aged 18 to 21
-closure of urban services and entertainment with a young adult market on the decline and dereliction of urban built environments e.g Warsaw, Poland closure of nightclubs
define cultural trait
culture can be broken down into individual component parts such as clothing people wear or their language. Each component is called a cultural trait.
define cultural imperialism
the practice of promoting the culture/language of one nation in another
define soft power
the global influences a country has from its culture and its political values e.g hollywood and microsoft
define mcdonaldisation
the process by which the principles of the fast food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of american society as well as the rest of the world
how do TNCs bring about a global culture
the global dispersal of food, clothes and other goods by TNCs has played a role in the shaping of a common culture
what is glocalisation
When TNCs engage with new markets and cultures, they often adapt their products and services to suit different places better. An example of this is mcdonald’s menus. As a result, the products that are sold in different places increasingly reflect local cultures.
What western holidays are spread through global media
Western festivals of halloween and christmas feature prominently in disney films
how does migration spread culture
Migration brings enormous cultural changes to places
E.g:
Europeans travelled widely around the world during the age of empires, taking their languages and customs with them
Today, tourists introduce cultural change to the distant places they visit.
does migration always mean permanent change to culture
no
Migrants can affect the culture of host regions, but change may only be partial.
For example, british migrants took their language and love of cricket to manat place but often have little effect on other cultural traits
what is the idea behind hyper-globalisation
The idea that a largely westernised global culture is emerging as a result of cultural erosion is called hyper-globalisation
what is suffering because of hyper-globalisation
loss of languages as the English language spreads and the environment
