EQ2

Question 1

define global shift

Answer 1

is the international relocation of different types of industrial activity especially manufacturing industries

Question 2

when did the global shift to asia occur

Answer 2

Since the 1960s, many industries have all but vanished from Europe and North America, and are now thriving in Asia, South America and Africa. This is because of offshoring, outsourcing and now business start ups in emerging economies

Question 3

positives of the global shift to asia

Answer 3

Industries that had dwindled in Western cultures now thrive in Asia
Cheaper labour, resources
More job opportunities – reducing poverty
increase in Education and training

Question 4

negatives of the global shift to asia

Answer 4

Sweatshops, child labour, less health and safety regulations
Cultural diffusion due to FDI from the west
Air, water, noise pollution

Question 5

define airpocalypse

Answer 5

a place suffering with high levels of air pollution

Question 6

how has the global shift affected developing countries

Answer 6

Communities within many developing economies have experienced major environmental problems because of global shifts.

Question 7

define deindustrialisation

Answer 7

The decline of manufacturing industries

Question 8

define economic restructuring

Answer 8

Moving from more primary and secondary industries to tertiary industries.

Question 9

how has economic restructuring caused issues in developed countries

Answer 9

Economic restructuring has brought a wave of economic and social problems to inner-city areas. during the 1970s, many European and American factory workers lost their jobs.
Western factories closed in large numbers once Asia became the focus of global manufacturing.
spiral of decline

Question 10

define mega city

Answer 10

a city with a population larger than 10 million

Question 11

define internal migration

Answer 11

someone whose moves from place to place within the borders of a country

Question 12

define an economic migrant

Answer 12

a migrant whos motivation is to get a job. Migrants already with a job may be seeking better pay or change in career

Question 13

define intervening obstacles

Answer 13

barriers that slow down migration, such as political borders or physical features

Question 14

define centripetal migration

Answer 14

the movement of people directed towards the centre of urban areas

Question 15

why have people been pulled to urban living

Answer 15

High education system – leads to higher paying jobs
Lots of job opportunities - in mumbai (mega city) offers lots of job opportunities due to FDI and TNCs
Better housing with developed infrastructure
Countries have better technology
Connectivity
Offer hope of promotion and better wages

Question 17

what social challenges do megacities create

Answer 17

Due to the rapid increase in population healthcare services have an increased pressure to adhere to people’s needs. The increase of informal settlements can lead to health and safety issues as well as it being illegal
Crime rates increasing as inequality leads to people turning to crime to survive
Water availability in China is inadequate in over 100 cities.

Question 18

what is a global hub

Answer 18

a settlement or region that has become the focal point for activities with a global influence
A global hub is recognised by its influence, rather than its size.

Question 19

what is interdependance

Answer 19

two places becomes over reliant on financial and/or political connections with one another, therefore becoming interdependent

Question 20

what are the 3 types of migrants

Answer 20

elite migrants
low wage migrants
rural-urban migrants

Question 21

what is an elite migrant

Answer 21

Highly skilled and/or socially influential individuals. Their wealth derives from their profession or inherited assets

Question 22

do elite migrants face many obstacles

Answer 22

NO.
When migrating they meet few obstacles as most governments welcome highly skilled and extremely wealthy migrants

Question 23

where are low-wage migrants attracted to

Answer 23

They’re drawn to global hubs in large numbers London, LA, Dubai and Riyadh

Question 24

can low wage migrants be legal and illegal

Answer 24

yes they can both be legal migrants and also be illegal migrants

Question 25

which industries do low wage migrants work

Answer 25

immigrants working for low wage jobs in kitchens, construction etc

Question 26

example of low wage migrants living in global hub, UAE

Answer 26

Indians making up 30% of the population within the UAE
Its estimated they send US$15 billion back in remittances to India
most work in transport, construction and manufacturing

Question 27

what is the main driver of city growth in global hubs

Answer 27

The main driver is rural-urban migrants

Question 28

example of low wage migrants living in Saudi Arabia

Answer 28

1.5 million filipinos live in Saudi Arabia,Around US$7 billion is returned to the Philippines as remittance

Question 29

whats the host country

Answer 29

the country where migrants move to

Question 30

what is the source country

Answer 30

the country where migrants come from

Question 31

what is a BENEFIT of migrants for the HOST country

Answer 31

Migrants may have a skill that benefits the host country

-Elite migrants benefit the host country as ambitious entrepreneurs may establish new businesses employing others – 14% of UK business start ups are migrant owned

-increase in economic growth as there’s a rise in the amount of workers willing to work improving the host countries economy
-schools may become more culturally diverse as more is known from each country

-low waged immigrants will take the jobs that people may not want increasing employment causing a positive economic impact

Question 32

what is a BENEFIT of migrants for the SOURCE country

Answer 32

-some government spending costs transferred to the host country

-migrants and their kids may return, bringing new skills e.g young british asians have relocated to india to start up health clubs and restaurant chains

-less public spending on housing and health

-migrant remittances can contribute to national earnings significantly e.g remittance earnings made up for 25% of Nepal’s national earnings in 2014

Question 33

what is a COST of migrants for the HOST country

Answer 33

local shortages of primary school places due to natural increase among a youthful migrant community

-waiting lists for schools and healthcare increase

-negative environmental impacts (increased noise and air pollution) due to a rise in the amount of vehicles decrease in health due to breathing issues – local communities may blame migration for this and rates of crime could increase due to prejudice and discrimination in the area

-social cohesion - an area may experience tension and discrimination

Question 34

what is a COST of migrants to the SOURCE country

Answer 34

reduced economic growth as consumption falls

-increase in the proportion of aged dependants and the long term economic challenges this creates

-Closure of some university courses due to a lack of students aged 18 to 21

-closure of urban services and entertainment with a young adult market on the decline and dereliction of urban built environments e.g Warsaw, Poland closure of nightclubs

Question 35

define cultural trait

Answer 35

culture can be broken down into individual component parts such as clothing people wear or their language. Each component is called a cultural trait.

Question 36

define cultural imperialism

Answer 36

the practice of promoting the culture/language of one nation in another

Question 37

define soft power

Answer 37

the global influences a country has from its culture and its political values e.g hollywood and microsoft

Question 38

define mcdonaldisation

Answer 38

the process by which the principles of the fast food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of american society as well as the rest of the world

Question 39

how do TNCs bring about a global culture

Answer 39

the global dispersal of food, clothes and other goods by TNCs has played a role in the shaping of a common culture

Question 40

what is glocalisation

Answer 40

When TNCs engage with new markets and cultures, they often adapt their products and services to suit different places better. An example of this is mcdonald’s menus. As a result, the products that are sold in different places increasingly reflect local cultures.

Question 41

What western holidays are spread through global media

Answer 41

Western festivals of halloween and christmas feature prominently in disney films

Question 42

how does migration spread culture

Answer 42

Migration brings enormous cultural changes to places
E.g:
Europeans travelled widely around the world during the age of empires, taking their languages and customs with them
Today, tourists introduce cultural change to the distant places they visit.

Question 43

does migration always mean permanent change to culture

Answer 43

no
Migrants can affect the culture of host regions, but change may only be partial.
For example, british migrants took their language and love of cricket to manat place but often have little effect on other cultural traits

Question 44

what is the idea behind hyper-globalisation

Answer 44

The idea that a largely westernised global culture is emerging as a result of cultural erosion is called hyper-globalisation

Question 45

what is suffering because of hyper-globalisation

Answer 45

loss of languages as the English language spreads and the environment