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Human Geo: Globalisation > Case Studies > Flashcards

Case Studies Flashcards

1
Q

what are IMF, WTO, the world bank known as

A

bretton woods institutions

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2
Q

what was the aim of bretton wood institutions

A

The main aim was to re-stabilise the world economy and avoid another great depression like the 1930s

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3
Q

what is the EU

A

a trade bloc thats turned into a multi-government organisation
European Union

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4
Q

TRUE or FALSE does the EU have its own currency

A

TRUE
the euro €

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5
Q

what was the original political aim for the EU

A

The original political aim was to integrate economies, so that interdependence prevents war.

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6
Q

examples of shared policies within the EU

A

common agricultural policy (CAP) in 1962, transportation, tax, environment, consumer telecommunications, social energy and research/science policies.

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7
Q

how does the EU promote tourism

A

EU also helps cities seem desirable globally by awarding prestigious titles such as ‘capital of culture’ to ‘european capital of innovation’

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8
Q

what is something UNIQUE to the EU that allows members to do

A

EU is the only group of nations that grants all citizens freedom of movement

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9
Q

how many members are in ASEAN

A

A free trade area with 10 members with a population of 625 million

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10
Q

aim of ASEAN

A

tariff is applied between members for specified goods. It’s working towards the elimination of tariffs sector by sector.

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11
Q

is ASEAN more political or economical

A

political

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12
Q

when did china begin its open door policy

A

1978

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13
Q

what was china like pre 1978 (pre open door policy)

A

china was a poor and politically isolated country, switched off, it was under communist ruling and many died due to famine

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14
Q

what does the open door policy allow china to do

A

allowed china to be open to globalisation but still remained communist

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15
Q

how did china change after the open door policy

A

China transformed into an urban, industrialised nation
Over the next 30 years, 300 million people left rural areas in search of a better life in cities – ‘hukou’ is a strict regulation system prevented complete abandonment of rural life

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16
Q

how did china get the nickname ‘workshop of the world’

A

Initially urbanisation fuelled the growth of the low wage factories that gave china the nickname ‘workshop of the world”

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17
Q

where did TNCs go in china

A

TNCs were quick to establish branch plants/trade relationships with chinese owned factories, within coastal special economic zones (SEZ)

in 1990, 50% of china’s GDP was being generated in SEZs

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18
Q

advantages of chinas open door policy

A

people working in iphone factories were earning $40 a day in 2015

400 million people have escaped poverty since its open door policy

Chinas success supports ‘hyper-global’ view that global-scale free trade can sometimes are poverty

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19
Q

how has china had an open door approach to global flows in terms of exporting and FDI

A

China agreed to export more rare earth minerals to other countries in line with WTO

Foreign TNCs are now allowed to invest in some sectors of china’s domestic markets, including its rail freight and chemical industries

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20
Q

how has china had a closed door approach to global flows

A

Google and facebook have little access to China’s market

China’s government sets a strict quota of only 34 foreign films to be screened in cinemas each year

Strict controls on foreign TNCs in some sectors, coca-cola is blocked by chinese gov by making an acquisition of Huiya an Juice in 2008, that was not allowed

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21
Q

how have 4 factors influenced the increasing amount of FDI in India

A

-Attractiveness of the country
-Potential market, high GDP levels
-A skilled worker force, low labour costs
-Tax is lower

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22
Q

how has indias attitude towards FDI changed

A

First india’s FDI proposal had to be accepted by 2 bodies, the foreign investment promotion board and the reserve bank of india
FDI was allowed but it used to only be for tech
Now india has a more liberal attitude to FDI

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23
Q

.

A

.

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24
Q

chinas vs indias attitudes towards FDI

A

INDIA: Foreign retailers are accepted with no prior approval
Have to also invest with local businesses this has led to 90% of businesses still being family owned

CHINA: FDIs accepted must follow strict policies
China’s economy began to mature as a result of the open door policy

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25
Q

how has DISNEY glocalised to foreign markets

A

-Disney released the film based on a russian fairytale, using russian based animators (the film was the book of masters)
-Disney’s Marvel has glocalised, spiderman by changing the original storyline about a new yorkie teenager called Peter Parker to a Mumbai teen Pavitr Prabhakar given his super power by a mystic being instead of a spider.

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26
Q

how has MCDONALDS glocalised to Indias market

A

Mcdonalds glocalised towards India, a country that does not consume Pork by altering the menu to have chicken and vegetarian burgers e.g McVeggie and McSpicy paneer (indian cheese patty)

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27
Q

how has LEGO glocalised to foreign markets

A

Lego however has not glocalised

Lego has sold identical products to all global markets, including China

Lego creates products with genuine global appeal, without taking local tastes into account

It has made more complex designs however in Denmark, Hungary, Czech Republic and Mexico

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28
Q

what are examples of ‘switched off’ countries

A

north korea
the sahel region

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29
Q

who currently rules north korea

A

Kim Jon-un
For 70 years North Korea has been ruled as an autocracy by a single family

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30
Q

how is north korea ‘switched off’

A

Politically isolated
Ordinary citizens do not have any access to the internet or social media
There are no undersea cables connecting North Korea with anywhere else

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31
Q

what is the history of why north and south korea split

A

political decisions affecting globalisation Korean War made split more permanent but the cold war caused the initial split between North and South Korea at the end of WW2

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32
Q

why are the sahel regions switched off

A

-Countries like Chad are land locked and do no have access to the sea to import and export goods.
-Its extreme environmental conditions increase the cost of providing infrastructure such as railway or ICT networks.
-Global brands do not yet view these places as viable markets, leaving them relatively switched off from consumer networks
-The mismanagement of natural resources and human resources has played a role, dating back to colonial times

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33
Q

Could the sahel regions ever become ‘switched on’

A

Change may come soon as rapid economic growth has occurred in neighbouring country, Nigeria

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34
Q

how has outsourcing of services in India occured

A

India experiences lots of FDI particularly for call centres as many indian citizens are fluent in english, giving them a comparative advantage when marketing call centres are centred towards an english speaking world

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35
Q

why has bangalore become the tech hub

A

Bangalore has a higher broadband capacity allowing the city to become a technological hub

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36
Q

benefits of outsourcing services in India for Indian workers

A

India’s call centre workers earn good middle class wages
Nightclubs and 24 shopping malls give high purchasing power earning 3500 rupees a week (£40)
Indian outsourcing has become very profitable

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37
Q

negatives of outsourcing services in india

A

Some call centre workers complain they are exploited

Despite FDI the country is poor and lacks infrastructure with half a billion indians living in home that lacks toilets

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38
Q

how has the global shift to asia increased outsourcing manufacturers in china

A

Global shift has played a role in reducing unemployment from 60% (1990) to 16% (2005)

39
Q

why has china earned the workshop of the world reputation

A

China gained a reputation as the ‘workshop of the world’ cities like Shenzhen and Dongguan offered foreign investors a massive pool of low cost migrant workers.

40
Q

benefit of china outsourcing manufacturers

A

As conditions improve people enjoy large income gains
More people can now afford smartphones and fridges as well as cars
Economic growth has increased

41
Q

negative of china outsourcing manufacturers

A

In early years many workers were exploited in sweatshops
Around 2500 workers lost a lamb or finger per year – but conditions have improved

42
Q

negatives of the global shift on The environment in Ivory Coast

A

Tens of thousands of ivorians suffered ill health after toxic waste alleged to produced hydrogen sulphide was dumped by a ship in the employ of Trafigura a european TNC, fined £28 million

Lead to water pollution, loss of biodiversity, over exploitation

43
Q

negatives of the global shift on the environment in China

A

In Dongguan, workers for Wintek, the touch screens for iphones poisoned workers by the chemicals. In the Hunan province many people were poisoned by lead emitting manganese smelter - one of china’s major exports

Leads to exploitation of resources, air pollution

Uses coal as main energy resource

44
Q

negatives of the global shift on the environment in Indonesia

A

Land degradation and loss of biodiversity is widespread due to acres of rainforest being lost to create room for palm plantation and mining operations,
the scale of forest burning has created air pollutions, and species are threatened in indonesia

45
Q

what is the cost of economic growth on China

A

-the loss of productive farmland
-an increase in unplanned settlements
-pollution and health issues
-land degredation
-overexploitation of resources/resource pressure
-loss of biodiversity

46
Q

explain how loss of productive farmland due to the global shift to china

A

since the industrialisation of china over 3 million hectares of arable farmland has been polluted with heavy metals

12 million tonnes of grain were polluted in 2014

47
Q

how has an increase in unplanned settlements been caused by the global shift to china

A

The land prices increased leading to houses becoming unaffordable especially near city centres

2 types of informal housing:
Expanding housing such as adding extra storeys
Farmland is privately developed for housing

48
Q

how has pollution and health issues been caused by the global shift to china

A

Chinese air pollution, caused mostly by coal fired power stations

China’s rivers and lakes are now polluted - water isn’t fit for drinking with 100 cities suffering from extreme water shortages

360 million Chinese don’t have access to safe drinking water.

49
Q

how has land degradation been caused by the global shift to china

A

Rich black soils are eroding, suffering from acidification caused by industrial emissions.
over 40% of China’s farmland is now suffering degradation

50
Q

how has overexploitation of resources in china been caused by the global shift

A

China has oil and coal reserves, but its resources cannot keep up with its demand leading to the government importing additional resources from Africa + Latin America.

51
Q

how has loss of biodiversity in china been caused by the global shift

A

The main cause was habitat loss and the degradation of the natural environment by economic development.

700 vertebrate species discovered, half had vanished in 45 years since 1970

52
Q

what was leicester like before the global shift to asia

A

Leicester is an east midlands city once dominated by the textile industry. Many people worked in textile mills, there was a demand for extra factory workers bringing india and pakistani families to Leicester.

53
Q

what caused deindustrialisation in Leicester

A

overseas competition meant that cheaper clothes were available elsewhere. Many manufacturers’ jobs were lost as industries closed, causing deindustrialisation.

54
Q

why did dereliction and contamination of land in Leicester take place after the global shift to asia

A

previous industrial land was left abandoned and derelict. Much of the land was contaminated from the previous dumping of chemical waste

55
Q

what are 2 cities that have experienced rapid megacity growth

A

MUMBAI
KARACHI

56
Q

how has mumbai’s population changed from 1970 to 2015

A

2015 it was home to 22 million people, having doubled from 1970 and expected to increase in 2025 to 27 million

57
Q

has internal migration occured within India

A

yes! from rural states of Uttar pradesh and Bihar to the more urban cities such as Mumbai and Dharavi showing how centripetal migration has also occurred

58
Q

does mumbai have affulent areas

A

yes! Some very wealthy people live in Mumbai such as bollywood stars and senior management of large TNCs – their investment has helped to drive up housing prices in affluent areas such as altamount road

59
Q

true or false is karachi the most populated city in pakistan

A

TRUE
2015 - 13 million people

60
Q

why is karachi so significant and attract so many people

A

It is the centre of finance, industry and trade leading people to migrate from rural areas all over pakistan, including the sindh and punjab provinces
There is variety in employment options in the industrial sectors including shipping, banking, retailing and manufacturing
It has a famous university city producing highly skilled graduates who have helped it become a hub for media and software companies

61
Q

main cause of population rise in karachi

A

Karachi’s population increases overtime due to mainly internal migration

62
Q

where are diets changing due to globalisation

A

ASIA

63
Q

what are the social impacts of changing diets within asia

A

It impacts younger generations who consume media about fast food, being influenced by social media and ‘mukbangs’

Rising affluence also puts pressure on particular plant and animal species if their use or consumption is linked to social prestige. For example shark fin soup is consumed at Chinese weddings by those who can afford it. As incomes have risen, the number of sharks killed worldwide to meet growing demand has doubled

64
Q

what are the environmental impacts of changing diets within asia

A

The physical environment is affected by this at both the local and global scale. Live-stock farming has become the new focus of Asian agriculture, bringing a steep rise in emissions of methane.

Chinese food demands will only continue to grow as more people escape poverty

65
Q

how are diets changing within Asia due to globalisation

A

Traditional asian diets are often low in meat and high in vegetables. This now has been altered by western diets with meats and fast food emerging amongst the Chinese middle class.

This change has occurred in urban settlements in China since the open door policy as TNCs invest in urban areas to create the most profit.

66
Q

Where has cultural erosion taken place

A

Amazonia and Papua New Guinea

67
Q

how has cultural erosion taken place in amazonia

A

Many young amazons are moving from the rainforest to urban areas like Manaus. They leave behind their traditional thatched homes, often built on stilts
More members of rainforest tribes are becoming aware of western cultures and lifestyles
Many amazons wear modern westernised clothing such as the T-shirt, whereas traditionally they wore little clothing
Due to tourism and exposure to global media their traditional food, music, language, clothes and social relations are all being eroded, turned into a show for tourists (for both indigenous groups)

68
Q

what are the two far right groups within the EU that are against multicultural societies

A

BritainFirst
Polish far right group

69
Q

what are britainsfirst protests against

hint: rotherham asain/muslim community

A

Protest against muslims entering Britain an example of a protest that took place in rotherham was against an asian grooming gangs that were recently exposed to be abusing girls in the area, the men were mainly of pakistan heritage

hey’re against multiculturalism of britain due to beliefs they are taking jobs and away from british values

70
Q

what do the asain community feel about britainfirst group

A

Asians believe they’re using any excuse to demonise the asian communities and don’t actually care about the abuse that took place and are just using it as a facade to show their hatred for Asians.

71
Q

why do polish far right groups dislike being within the EU

A

they are now part of the EU so anyone can move there so their culture will change but the nationalists do not want this due to the cultural erosion of their own customs and Believe muslims bring crime with them and polish nationalists want to maintain their culture however

72
Q

who influences polish far right groups

A

Government official in poland are also heavily against muslim due to beliefs they won’t follow polish customs and are going to be aggressive

73
Q

what are some of the tribes within Canada that try to maintain their cultural identity

A

First Nations
Metis
Inuit

74
Q

why do indigenous people of canada oppose globalisation

A

Attempts of global oil brands to ‘switch on’ their region

Dene residents have experienced negative impacts of globalisation and petroleum development, over 200 million barrels of oil have been extracted since 1920

75
Q

what are the negative impact of oil companies attempting to ‘switch on’ the region of the first nations people

A

Death of trout in oil polluted lakes

Effects of alcohol and drugs (brought by oil workers) on behaviour of young dene people

76
Q

what is Todmorden town?

A

a transition town

77
Q

what campaign has todmorden created to introduce localism within their town

A

‘Incredible edible Todmorden’ (IET) is a campaign that received from national lottery and it aims to encourage consumers and growers to work together for the long term good of the planet

78
Q

what has the incredible edible todmorden campaign done to ensure local sourcing within their town

A

IET has created 40 public fruit + veg gardens and stages regular educational talks and events in the town

79
Q

which country is know for censorship to control the spread of globalisation

A

CHINA BABYYY

80
Q

why do chinas communist party censor information for its residents

A

China’s rulers are intolerant of any criticisms against them
Censorship of internet prevents china learning the truth

81
Q

what event occured within china that you cannot actually research about when youre in china due to censorship

A

The tiananmen square protests

82
Q

what stops people within china researching the tiananmen square protests

A

Many chinese people still do not know what happened on that day in 1988 due to strict censorship of the press and internet
Google withdrew its services in china in 2010 when the chinese government insisted that search engine results should be censored to hide info about tiananmen Square

83
Q

what photo symbolises the tiananmen square protests

A

Tankman photo: an iconic image of a man stood in front of the tanks, it now symbolises the protest and the protestors views

84
Q

which country controls migration via a 5 tier system

A

The Uk

85
Q

what are the 5 tiers used to control the spread of globalisation within the uk

A

Tier 1
For business people, investors, and those with exceptional talent
Tier 2
Visa for skilled workers
Tier 3
Never implemented
Tier 4
Student visa
Tier 5
Visa for temporary workers

86
Q
A
87
Q

what was the 5 tier systems impact on globalisation within the uk

A

Refugees are allowed to remain in the UK under human rights law

The government has no control over
EU migrants wanting to work in the UK

Limiting interconnectedness

Fewer british citizens have left the UK, to live overseas since the 2008 global financial crisis the cost of living rose for the UK citizens living in eurozone

88
Q

benefits of fair trade

A

Invest in peoples education

Organised groups (co-operatives) that share knowledge with one another to help improve productivity and output of goods

Improves working conditions, quality of life and confidence of workers

Challenge businesses and government to be fairer

Fair trade minimum: farmers will also get the minimum price even if value of good falls

Learning to constantly adapt, innovate

89
Q

weaknesses of fair trade

A

Not all shoppers will pay for it

As the numbers of schemes grows, it becomes harder to ensure that money has been correctly distributed

It’s not possible for all the world’s farmers to join a scheme offering a high fixed price for potentially unlimited crop yields

Leads to high food miles

90
Q

example of supply chain monitoring

A

Apple investigated its iphone touch screen supplier, Wintek whose workers were poisoned by a chemical cleaning agent, this is an example of supply chain monitoring because they are keeping an eye on what’s happening where their products are being made

91
Q

what event caused TNCs to increase supply chain monitoring

A

Rana Plaza Collapse, bangledesh

92
Q

what happened to rana plaza, bangledesh

A

Bangladesh’s Rana Plaza collapse in 2013 leading to the death of 1100 textile workers
Workers sent back into the Rana Plaza to complete orders in time for deliveries of major TNCs such as Walmart and others despite cracks forming from the weight of heavy machinery being put into the extra storeys on the already tall building leading to the collapse of the building

Many british TNCs now ensure worker safety by doing safety checks that are carried out regularly

93
Q
A

Human Geo: Globalisation (4 decks)

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