Case Studies Flashcards
what are IMF, WTO, the world bank known as
bretton woods institutions
what was the aim of bretton wood institutions
The main aim was to re-stabilise the world economy and avoid another great depression like the 1930s
what is the EU
a trade bloc thats turned into a multi-government organisation
European Union
TRUE or FALSE does the EU have its own currency
TRUE
the euro €
what was the original political aim for the EU
The original political aim was to integrate economies, so that interdependence prevents war.
examples of shared policies within the EU
common agricultural policy (CAP) in 1962, transportation, tax, environment, consumer telecommunications, social energy and research/science policies.
how does the EU promote tourism
EU also helps cities seem desirable globally by awarding prestigious titles such as ‘capital of culture’ to ‘european capital of innovation’
what is something UNIQUE to the EU that allows members to do
EU is the only group of nations that grants all citizens freedom of movement
how many members are in ASEAN
A free trade area with 10 members with a population of 625 million
aim of ASEAN
tariff is applied between members for specified goods. It’s working towards the elimination of tariffs sector by sector.
is ASEAN more political or economical
political
when did china begin its open door policy
1978
what was china like pre 1978 (pre open door policy)
china was a poor and politically isolated country, switched off, it was under communist ruling and many died due to famine
what does the open door policy allow china to do
allowed china to be open to globalisation but still remained communist
how did china change after the open door policy
China transformed into an urban, industrialised nation
Over the next 30 years, 300 million people left rural areas in search of a better life in cities – ‘hukou’ is a strict regulation system prevented complete abandonment of rural life
how did china get the nickname ‘workshop of the world’
Initially urbanisation fuelled the growth of the low wage factories that gave china the nickname ‘workshop of the world”
where did TNCs go in china
TNCs were quick to establish branch plants/trade relationships with chinese owned factories, within coastal special economic zones (SEZ)
in 1990, 50% of china’s GDP was being generated in SEZs
advantages of chinas open door policy
people working in iphone factories were earning $40 a day in 2015
400 million people have escaped poverty since its open door policy
Chinas success supports ‘hyper-global’ view that global-scale free trade can sometimes are poverty
how has china had an open door approach to global flows in terms of exporting and FDI
China agreed to export more rare earth minerals to other countries in line with WTO
Foreign TNCs are now allowed to invest in some sectors of china’s domestic markets, including its rail freight and chemical industries
how has china had a closed door approach to global flows
Google and facebook have little access to China’s market
China’s government sets a strict quota of only 34 foreign films to be screened in cinemas each year
Strict controls on foreign TNCs in some sectors, coca-cola is blocked by chinese gov by making an acquisition of Huiya an Juice in 2008, that was not allowed
how have 4 factors influenced the increasing amount of FDI in India
-Attractiveness of the country
-Potential market, high GDP levels
-A skilled worker force, low labour costs
-Tax is lower
how has indias attitude towards FDI changed
First india’s FDI proposal had to be accepted by 2 bodies, the foreign investment promotion board and the reserve bank of india
FDI was allowed but it used to only be for tech
Now india has a more liberal attitude to FDI
.
.
chinas vs indias attitudes towards FDI
INDIA: Foreign retailers are accepted with no prior approval
Have to also invest with local businesses this has led to 90% of businesses still being family owned
CHINA: FDIs accepted must follow strict policies
China’s economy began to mature as a result of the open door policy
how has DISNEY glocalised to foreign markets
-Disney released the film based on a russian fairytale, using russian based animators (the film was the book of masters)
-Disney’s Marvel has glocalised, spiderman by changing the original storyline about a new yorkie teenager called Peter Parker to a Mumbai teen Pavitr Prabhakar given his super power by a mystic being instead of a spider.
how has MCDONALDS glocalised to Indias market
Mcdonalds glocalised towards India, a country that does not consume Pork by altering the menu to have chicken and vegetarian burgers e.g McVeggie and McSpicy paneer (indian cheese patty)
how has LEGO glocalised to foreign markets
Lego however has not glocalised
Lego has sold identical products to all global markets, including China
Lego creates products with genuine global appeal, without taking local tastes into account
It has made more complex designs however in Denmark, Hungary, Czech Republic and Mexico
what are examples of ‘switched off’ countries
north korea
the sahel region
who currently rules north korea
Kim Jon-un
For 70 years North Korea has been ruled as an autocracy by a single family
how is north korea ‘switched off’
Politically isolated
Ordinary citizens do not have any access to the internet or social media
There are no undersea cables connecting North Korea with anywhere else
what is the history of why north and south korea split
political decisions affecting globalisation Korean War made split more permanent but the cold war caused the initial split between North and South Korea at the end of WW2
why are the sahel regions switched off
-Countries like Chad are land locked and do no have access to the sea to import and export goods.
-Its extreme environmental conditions increase the cost of providing infrastructure such as railway or ICT networks.
-Global brands do not yet view these places as viable markets, leaving them relatively switched off from consumer networks
-The mismanagement of natural resources and human resources has played a role, dating back to colonial times
Could the sahel regions ever become ‘switched on’
Change may come soon as rapid economic growth has occurred in neighbouring country, Nigeria
how has outsourcing of services in India occured
India experiences lots of FDI particularly for call centres as many indian citizens are fluent in english, giving them a comparative advantage when marketing call centres are centred towards an english speaking world
why has bangalore become the tech hub
Bangalore has a higher broadband capacity allowing the city to become a technological hub
benefits of outsourcing services in India for Indian workers
India’s call centre workers earn good middle class wages
Nightclubs and 24 shopping malls give high purchasing power earning 3500 rupees a week (£40)
Indian outsourcing has become very profitable
negatives of outsourcing services in india
Some call centre workers complain they are exploited
Despite FDI the country is poor and lacks infrastructure with half a billion indians living in home that lacks toilets
how has the global shift to asia increased outsourcing manufacturers in china
Global shift has played a role in reducing unemployment from 60% (1990) to 16% (2005)
why has china earned the workshop of the world reputation
China gained a reputation as the ‘workshop of the world’ cities like Shenzhen and Dongguan offered foreign investors a massive pool of low cost migrant workers.
benefit of china outsourcing manufacturers
As conditions improve people enjoy large income gains
More people can now afford smartphones and fridges as well as cars
Economic growth has increased
negative of china outsourcing manufacturers
In early years many workers were exploited in sweatshops
Around 2500 workers lost a lamb or finger per year – but conditions have improved
negatives of the global shift on The environment in Ivory Coast
Tens of thousands of ivorians suffered ill health after toxic waste alleged to produced hydrogen sulphide was dumped by a ship in the employ of Trafigura a european TNC, fined £28 million
Lead to water pollution, loss of biodiversity, over exploitation
negatives of the global shift on the environment in China
In Dongguan, workers for Wintek, the touch screens for iphones poisoned workers by the chemicals. In the Hunan province many people were poisoned by lead emitting manganese smelter - one of china’s major exports
Leads to exploitation of resources, air pollution
Uses coal as main energy resource
negatives of the global shift on the environment in Indonesia
Land degradation and loss of biodiversity is widespread due to acres of rainforest being lost to create room for palm plantation and mining operations,
the scale of forest burning has created air pollutions, and species are threatened in indonesia
what is the cost of economic growth on China
-the loss of productive farmland
-an increase in unplanned settlements
-pollution and health issues
-land degredation
-overexploitation of resources/resource pressure
-loss of biodiversity
explain how loss of productive farmland due to the global shift to china
since the industrialisation of china over 3 million hectares of arable farmland has been polluted with heavy metals
12 million tonnes of grain were polluted in 2014
how has an increase in unplanned settlements been caused by the global shift to china
The land prices increased leading to houses becoming unaffordable especially near city centres
2 types of informal housing:
Expanding housing such as adding extra storeys
Farmland is privately developed for housing
how has pollution and health issues been caused by the global shift to china
Chinese air pollution, caused mostly by coal fired power stations
China’s rivers and lakes are now polluted - water isn’t fit for drinking with 100 cities suffering from extreme water shortages
360 million Chinese don’t have access to safe drinking water.
how has land degradation been caused by the global shift to china
Rich black soils are eroding, suffering from acidification caused by industrial emissions.
over 40% of China’s farmland is now suffering degradation
how has overexploitation of resources in china been caused by the global shift
China has oil and coal reserves, but its resources cannot keep up with its demand leading to the government importing additional resources from Africa + Latin America.
how has loss of biodiversity in china been caused by the global shift
The main cause was habitat loss and the degradation of the natural environment by economic development.
700 vertebrate species discovered, half had vanished in 45 years since 1970
what was leicester like before the global shift to asia
Leicester is an east midlands city once dominated by the textile industry. Many people worked in textile mills, there was a demand for extra factory workers bringing india and pakistani families to Leicester.
what caused deindustrialisation in Leicester
overseas competition meant that cheaper clothes were available elsewhere. Many manufacturers’ jobs were lost as industries closed, causing deindustrialisation.
why did dereliction and contamination of land in Leicester take place after the global shift to asia
previous industrial land was left abandoned and derelict. Much of the land was contaminated from the previous dumping of chemical waste
what are 2 cities that have experienced rapid megacity growth
MUMBAI
KARACHI
how has mumbai’s population changed from 1970 to 2015
2015 it was home to 22 million people, having doubled from 1970 and expected to increase in 2025 to 27 million
has internal migration occured within India
yes! from rural states of Uttar pradesh and Bihar to the more urban cities such as Mumbai and Dharavi showing how centripetal migration has also occurred
does mumbai have affulent areas
yes! Some very wealthy people live in Mumbai such as bollywood stars and senior management of large TNCs – their investment has helped to drive up housing prices in affluent areas such as altamount road
true or false is karachi the most populated city in pakistan
TRUE
2015 - 13 million people
why is karachi so significant and attract so many people
It is the centre of finance, industry and trade leading people to migrate from rural areas all over pakistan, including the sindh and punjab provinces
There is variety in employment options in the industrial sectors including shipping, banking, retailing and manufacturing
It has a famous university city producing highly skilled graduates who have helped it become a hub for media and software companies
main cause of population rise in karachi
Karachi’s population increases overtime due to mainly internal migration
where are diets changing due to globalisation
ASIA
what are the social impacts of changing diets within asia
It impacts younger generations who consume media about fast food, being influenced by social media and ‘mukbangs’
Rising affluence also puts pressure on particular plant and animal species if their use or consumption is linked to social prestige. For example shark fin soup is consumed at Chinese weddings by those who can afford it. As incomes have risen, the number of sharks killed worldwide to meet growing demand has doubled
what are the environmental impacts of changing diets within asia
The physical environment is affected by this at both the local and global scale. Live-stock farming has become the new focus of Asian agriculture, bringing a steep rise in emissions of methane.
Chinese food demands will only continue to grow as more people escape poverty
how are diets changing within Asia due to globalisation
Traditional asian diets are often low in meat and high in vegetables. This now has been altered by western diets with meats and fast food emerging amongst the Chinese middle class.
This change has occurred in urban settlements in China since the open door policy as TNCs invest in urban areas to create the most profit.
Where has cultural erosion taken place
Amazonia and Papua New Guinea
how has cultural erosion taken place in amazonia
Many young amazons are moving from the rainforest to urban areas like Manaus. They leave behind their traditional thatched homes, often built on stilts
More members of rainforest tribes are becoming aware of western cultures and lifestyles
Many amazons wear modern westernised clothing such as the T-shirt, whereas traditionally they wore little clothing
Due to tourism and exposure to global media their traditional food, music, language, clothes and social relations are all being eroded, turned into a show for tourists (for both indigenous groups)
what are the two far right groups within the EU that are against multicultural societies
BritainFirst
Polish far right group
what are britainsfirst protests against
hint: rotherham asain/muslim community
Protest against muslims entering Britain an example of a protest that took place in rotherham was against an asian grooming gangs that were recently exposed to be abusing girls in the area, the men were mainly of pakistan heritage
hey’re against multiculturalism of britain due to beliefs they are taking jobs and away from british values
what do the asain community feel about britainfirst group
Asians believe they’re using any excuse to demonise the asian communities and don’t actually care about the abuse that took place and are just using it as a facade to show their hatred for Asians.
why do polish far right groups dislike being within the EU
they are now part of the EU so anyone can move there so their culture will change but the nationalists do not want this due to the cultural erosion of their own customs and Believe muslims bring crime with them and polish nationalists want to maintain their culture however
who influences polish far right groups
Government official in poland are also heavily against muslim due to beliefs they won’t follow polish customs and are going to be aggressive
what are some of the tribes within Canada that try to maintain their cultural identity
First Nations
Metis
Inuit
why do indigenous people of canada oppose globalisation
Attempts of global oil brands to ‘switch on’ their region
Dene residents have experienced negative impacts of globalisation and petroleum development, over 200 million barrels of oil have been extracted since 1920
what are the negative impact of oil companies attempting to ‘switch on’ the region of the first nations people
Death of trout in oil polluted lakes
Effects of alcohol and drugs (brought by oil workers) on behaviour of young dene people
what is Todmorden town?
a transition town
what campaign has todmorden created to introduce localism within their town
‘Incredible edible Todmorden’ (IET) is a campaign that received from national lottery and it aims to encourage consumers and growers to work together for the long term good of the planet
what has the incredible edible todmorden campaign done to ensure local sourcing within their town
IET has created 40 public fruit + veg gardens and stages regular educational talks and events in the town
which country is know for censorship to control the spread of globalisation
CHINA BABYYY
why do chinas communist party censor information for its residents
China’s rulers are intolerant of any criticisms against them
Censorship of internet prevents china learning the truth
what event occured within china that you cannot actually research about when youre in china due to censorship
The tiananmen square protests
what stops people within china researching the tiananmen square protests
Many chinese people still do not know what happened on that day in 1988 due to strict censorship of the press and internet
Google withdrew its services in china in 2010 when the chinese government insisted that search engine results should be censored to hide info about tiananmen Square
what photo symbolises the tiananmen square protests
Tankman photo: an iconic image of a man stood in front of the tanks, it now symbolises the protest and the protestors views
which country controls migration via a 5 tier system
The Uk
what are the 5 tiers used to control the spread of globalisation within the uk
Tier 1
For business people, investors, and those with exceptional talent
Tier 2
Visa for skilled workers
Tier 3
Never implemented
Tier 4
Student visa
Tier 5
Visa for temporary workers
what was the 5 tier systems impact on globalisation within the uk
Refugees are allowed to remain in the UK under human rights law
The government has no control over
EU migrants wanting to work in the UK
Limiting interconnectedness
Fewer british citizens have left the UK, to live overseas since the 2008 global financial crisis the cost of living rose for the UK citizens living in eurozone
benefits of fair trade
Invest in peoples education
Organised groups (co-operatives) that share knowledge with one another to help improve productivity and output of goods
Improves working conditions, quality of life and confidence of workers
Challenge businesses and government to be fairer
Fair trade minimum: farmers will also get the minimum price even if value of good falls
Learning to constantly adapt, innovate
weaknesses of fair trade
Not all shoppers will pay for it
As the numbers of schemes grows, it becomes harder to ensure that money has been correctly distributed
It’s not possible for all the world’s farmers to join a scheme offering a high fixed price for potentially unlimited crop yields
Leads to high food miles
example of supply chain monitoring
Apple investigated its iphone touch screen supplier, Wintek whose workers were poisoned by a chemical cleaning agent, this is an example of supply chain monitoring because they are keeping an eye on what’s happening where their products are being made
what event caused TNCs to increase supply chain monitoring
Rana Plaza Collapse, bangledesh
what happened to rana plaza, bangledesh
Bangladesh’s Rana Plaza collapse in 2013 leading to the death of 1100 textile workers
Workers sent back into the Rana Plaza to complete orders in time for deliveries of major TNCs such as Walmart and others despite cracks forming from the weight of heavy machinery being put into the extra storeys on the already tall building leading to the collapse of the building
Many british TNCs now ensure worker safety by doing safety checks that are carried out regularly
