EQ1 8A.1 CONCEPTS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ARE COMPLEX Flashcards
which indicators can you use to measure development
GDP, GNI, HDI,HPI
what are the economic indicators expressed in per capita terms
GDP and GNI
what does HDI take int account
LE, education (years of schooling) and economic growth to provide an overall value of social development.
what does. HPI measure
a recent indicator that measures sustainable well-being
how is HPI calculated
is calculated using the formula: HPI = EW x LE/EF.
GDP
Gross Domestic Product (usually given as US$ per capita).
GNI
Gross National Income
HDI
Human Development Index (a number between 0 and 1).
HPI
Happy Planet Index (a number between 0 and 100)
EW
Experienced well-being (ranked 0 to 10 – higher number indicating higher perceived well-being).
EF
Ecological Footprint (a measure of resource consumption devised by the WWF).
what are the other indicators
Other widely used indicators include life expectancy (LE), infant and maternal mortality, literacy and healthcare
why’s is human development contested
Differences in the beliefs, values and codes of conduct of the world’s societies mean there are very different perceptions of what human development is.
what is an example of differences in beliefs due to law
Sharia law creates a code of conduct and a set of values that are markedly different from the perceptions of human development widely held elsewhere.
what is an example of differences in beliefs due to governance
in Bolivia, President Morales has a strongly socialist viewpoint that national wealth (derived from natural gas and minerals) should be shared amongst its people (though not equally).
what does it mean by priorities of development
Improvements in health, education, life expectancy and human rights are seen by some as more significant goals for development, though economic growth is seen as the best means of delivering them.
what do most people believe development should focus on
health, life expectancy and human rights
who was an advocate of development focusing on health, life expectancy and human rights
The late Hans Rosling was a key advocate of this.
what’s only likely do be delivered by economic growth
Advancements in health, life expectancy and human rights
what is seen as being vital to the well-being of both the world and its inhabitants.
Improvements in environmental quality (such as reducing pollution levels)
what does economic growth against
the environment
what is crucial for development
Education
why is education crucial for development
A literate, numerate, enterprising and skilled workforce is effective human capital.
what does education promise
a better job and higher wages, and therefore material benefits that raise quality of life.
how does education impact development
Education is essential for knowing and standing up for human rights.
It allows a person to be informed about personal health, hygiene and diet, so increasing LE.
It prevents the basic problem of illiteracy.
Education promises a better job and higher wages, and therefore material benefits that raise quality of life.
Positives of education
Better job with higher wages
Standing up for human rights
Increases life expectancy
Prevents illiteracy
which organisation works to ensure education access
Most countries recognise the human right of access to education. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) works to ensure this.
what does UNESCO stand for
the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
what is the aim of the UNESCO
It seeks ‘to ensure that every child has access to quality education as a fundamental human right and as a prerequisite for human development’.
It aims for peace and security by promoting international collaboration through education, science and culture.
It also promotes cultural diversity, aiming to secure the world’s cultural and natural heritage.
what is happening in Pakistan in terms of education
There are some countries (e.g. Pakistan) where there is clear gender discrimination, with females being increasingly barred or deterred from access to other levels of education.
what is happening in terms of literacy
There are significant gender differences in literacy in some parts of the world, especially much of sub-Saharan Africa, southern Asia and the middle east.
what are the main obstacles to education
Access to education is stopped by other obstacles - e.g. ethnicity, physical and mental disability, social class and wealth.
what happened to Malala Yousafzai
Malala Yousafzai is a Pakistani woman who was shot by the Taliban for going to school when she was 15. In Pakistan, women and girls do not have the same rights to education as men and boys. She is now an activist for female education, is the youngest recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize.
