EQ1/4 Flashcards
When did Canada become a nation?
- On 1841, upper Canada (Ontario) and lower Canada (Quebec) merged together to form one province = Canada
- Renamed Canada west and Canada east
- The new province had one legislative made up of equal # of reps from each province
- English was the only language allowed in the legislature b us they anted to assimilate Francophones into anglophone culture
Responsible govt
- only answers to Canadian citizens, not the British colonial representatives.
- A govt that is accountable to its citizens for its actions
Visión of cañada
- Anglophones and francophones work together
British north american act
- July 1, 1867
- passed by a the british parliament, created canada as a new domestically self governing federation
- Includes New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario and Quebec
Representative vs Responsible government
Rep:
* Federal and Provincial
* Preserves british (anglophone) heritage
* Promote language and culture of francophones
Resp:
* Independent canada
* A single government
* No interference from britain
Why confederation?
- Threat of american invasion and takeover
- Transcontinental railroad (canada pacific railway)
- Establish trade links (settlement of western canada)
- Changing british attitudes (controlling the colony of canada)
Dominion of canada
- July 1,1867
- Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick’s Nova Scotia
*Between 1867 and 1999, six more provinces and three territories joined confederation
John A. MacDonald
- First PM of Canadian nation state
- Canada from sea to sea - promised the canada pacific railway
- Bought Rupert’s land from Hudson’s bay company and negotiated land treaties wjth FNP
Wilfred Laurier
- 7th PM (1896-1911), first francophone PM
- Expansion to the west to avoid an american invasion
- Appointed Clifford Sifton to set up immigration offices in Europe
- Ranking of immigrants: British/ Americans, polish, ukrainians and finn’s and norwegians
Clifford sifton
- Polititian
- Best known for aggressive promotion of immigration to settle the prairie west
*Immigration rose under his leadership: 16,835 p/y in 1896 to 141,465 p/y in 1905
- Only those who could farm the rest can immigrate
wHAT ARE NON-LOYALTYS?
a loyalty which is not embedded in the idea of a nation
6 types of non loyalts
- Class
- Religious
- Regional
- Ideological
- Cultural
- Racial or Ethnic
Non Loyaltys - Class
loyalty to people from a particular social sector
Non Loyaltys - Religious
loyalty to a religious organization, its beliefs and values
Non Loyaltys - Regional
Loyalty to a region and the interests of the local people
Non Loyaltys - Ideological
loyalty to shared ideas about how society should work
Non Loyaltys - Cultural
loyalty to a way of life (including food and entertainment)
Non Loyaltys - Racial or Ethnic
Loyalty to people of tje same racial or thnic background
3 ways to addres loyaltys coming into conflict
live with it
choose among loyaltys
activism to pursue cahnge
Cultural plurlism
when smaller groups within a larger society maintain their unique cultural identities.
their values and practices are accepted by the wider dominant culture if they are legal and accepted
multiculturalism
the acceptance of diff cultures in a society by both the majority and minority group members
Point of view
the position of am individual has in regard to an isue
perspective
position of a group of people jas in regard to an issue
Royal Proclomation 1763
- guidelines for eurpean settlement of indigenous territories in north America
- written by king george III when claiming british territory after winning 7 years war
- aboriginal title to land existed and continue to exist unless a treaty is made
- only the crown (brit govt) can buy land from indigenous peoples
- lays foundation for today’s land claims
Why would first nations sign treaties
- Starvation - dissapearance of buffalo
- Protection from American whiskey traders and settlers
- Thought land rights would be protected by the Canadian government
- Translation and cultural errors on understanding
Indian act
- Enacted 1876 once most bands signed treaties with the government
- It banned cultural traditions
- only allowed education was residential schools
- Needed to carry an ID card and get permission to leave the reserve
- Couldnt vote
The White Paper
- 1969 propsal to abolish the indian act, get rid of treaties, and assimilate DN so everyone would be treated equally
- eventually abandoned by the govt after backlash from FN
Red Paper
- written by a FN leader in response to the white paper
- argued the white paper would lead to the destruction of FN cultures
- to get rid of aboriginal rights after years of assimilation and res schools would mean the end of many find languages’
- They proposed self governance for aboriginal people and control their own affairs
Oka crisis
- minucipal govt allowed the expansion of a gold course on the burial grounds of a reserve in oka, QC
- 78 day standoff between mohawk protesters, police, and army. an officer was killed when charging the mohawk blockade
- ended when army was brought in. fed govt bought the land in question and golf course was never expanded
oUTcomes of the oka crisis
important role in
- establishment of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples
- establishing a sense of indigenous national identity
- made more Canadian aware of indigenous rights and land claims
whar is the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples
- a canadian royal commission est 1991 to address issues of aboriginal status
- It investigated the evolution of the relationship between aboriginal peoples, the govt of Canada and Canadian culture as a whole
- the original report “set out a 20-year agenda for implementing changes”
Assembly of first nations (AFN) self determination involves the right of a people to freely:
- decide own political status and pursue economic social and cultural dev
- dispose and benefit from their wealth and natural resources
- goal to be treated as equal partners in decision ,making and be given authority voice and recognitiion
What is Nationalism?
The collective, shared sense of belonging of people who identify as a nation.
- a belief in nation
- a shared sense of belonging
- a shared consciousness of a
collective identity
What is a Nation-State?
What is patriotism
another word that is sometimes
used synonymously (the same) with
nationalism
Difference? ‑ PATRIOTISM is a love of a
country and the sense of loyalty towards
that country while nationalism often includes patriotism, it is also the sense of belonging and the pursuit of national interests.
What is a Civic Nation
Civic nation a nation created by people who share certain political beliefs and values.
- Citizens have equal rights and responsibilities despite differences in race, colour, creed, gender, language, and ethnicity
(For example, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms).
What is a Constitution?
a legal document that lays out the basic rules that a society is built upon.
- It creates the core laws that define the nation and how it will be governed.
- Often defines who can be a citizen and who should have special protection.
- Is valued by the people because it lays out the kind of society they want to live in.
Whats a Nation-state?
a territory with internationally
recognized boundaries and a sovereign
government.
‑ recognized by other nation‑states as having the right to govern themselves independently =sovereignty.
‑ many nations can exist within them.
‑ live within a politically defined territory that operates with common legal and moral beliefs.
What is an Ethnic Nation
a nation based on shared ethnicity,
culture, and language, which is different from a civic nation
What was the Quiet Revolution
period of rapid social and political change experienced in Québec during the 1960s
The goal was for francophones to take leadership positions in Quebec and to guide Quebec into the future. The goal was met.
also wanted to modernize Quebec and produce more
What was the Royal Commission on
Bilingualism and Biculturalism?
1963 Canadian government wanted to improve relationships between the English and French linguistic groups.
- Resolve conflict and maintain national unity
:Findings
* Francophones shut out of powerful economic & decision-making positions
- Francophone minorities outside of Quebec should have same educational opportunities as Anglophones
- Francophones could not get jobs in federal government or
What was the Official Languages Act 1969?
- Affirms French & English as official languages of Canada
- Preserve & develop communities
- Guarantees federal services available in both languages
- Ensures equal opportunities to participate in parliament & federal institutions
Front de Liberation du Quebec
extremist separatist organization: Quebec’s desire to be sovereign in the October crisis 1970
Whaat was the october crisis
The October Crisis was a political event in Canada in 1970 when the separatist group, the FLQ (Front de libération du Québec), kidnapped two officials, leading to the government invoking the War Measures Act. This resulted in military presence and arrests to restore order.
Bill 101 –
Charter of
the French
Language
- Promote distinct language and culture
- Collective Rights of French nation
- Made French official language in Quebec
- Immigrants to Quebec had to educate in French unless parents went to an Anglophone school
- Regulated language of signs
Patriation of Constitution
- All provinces except Quebec signed
- Created the Charter of Rights and Freedoms
Meech Lake Accord 1987
- Tried to get Quebec to sign constitution
- Recognize Quebec as distinct society
- 1987 protests from Indigenous Canadians & provinces killed the deal
Charlottetown Accord
1992
- Failed attempt to get Quebec to sign the
Constitution - French-speaking majority, a unique culture, and a civil law tradition
quebec still hasn’t signed
Alienation
When a group or individual feels isolated from a group or an activity, or feels like they don’t belong
It can result when a group or individuals don’t feel their values, beliefs or identity are being respected.
National Energy Program
The 1980 National Energy Program (NEP) was an attempt by the federal government to gain greater control over the Canadian petroleum industry, secure Canadian oil supplies, one of the most ambitious attempts ever made by the federal government to intervene in the economy.
Created as a response to the OPEC Oil Embargo which led to declining oil supplies and soaring prices
