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Topic 1: Tectonic Processes & Hazards > EQ1: 1.3 > Flashcards

EQ1: 1.3 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe P waves

A

Fastest so they’re the most destructive, arrive first, have a short wavelength, little wave motion
Compression wave

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2
Q

Describe S waves

A

Arrive seconds layer, longer wavelength

Up & down motion

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3
Q

Describe love waves

A

side to side movements

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4
Q

What is the Mercalli Intensity scale?

A

Concerned with damage done on people & environmemt

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5
Q

What plate boundary have the highest magnitude?

A

Convergent plate boundary

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6
Q

What plate boundary has the second highest magnitude?

A

Conservative plate boundary

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7
Q

Just because an earthquake has a high magnitude doesn’t mean it has a high death toll because…

A

Depends on how developed the country is

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8
Q

What are the primary effects of earthquakes?

A

Ground shaking

Crustal fracturing

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9
Q

What are the secondary effects?

A

Soil liquefaction
Landslides
Tsunamis

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10
Q

Crustal fracturing process

A

Changes earth’s surface caused by tectonic forces - cracks in crust

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11
Q

Soil liquefaction process

A

saturated soil loses strength in response to stress - soil behaves like a liquid

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12
Q

Landslides process

A

Mass movement - triggered when particles weaken due to shaking during earthquakes

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13
Q

Tsunamis process

A

Shaking - water column displacement - water above to rise - only ocean plate

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14
Q

What is a tsunami?

A

series of larger than normal waves - caused by volcanic eruptions or underwater earthquakes

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15
Q

What is the formation of a Tsunami?

A
  1. Plate shifts abruptly - causing earthquake - triggers wave
  2. Waves move in all directions - as fast as 600mph
  3. Waves hit shallower water - compress - speed slows - builds height
  4. Wave height increases & currents intensify - becoming a threat
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16
Q

We wouldn’t see a tsunami if…

A

The seabed didn’t get higher but it does

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17
Q

Explain Water Column Displacement

A

Body of water at subduction zone has been displaced & is on the move

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18
Q

Name primary impacts of an earthquake

A

Deaths

Homes destroyed

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19
Q

Name secondary impacts of an earthquake

A

People missing

Financial cirsis

20
Q

Short term impacts of an earthquake

A

Deaths
Buildings destroyed
Property gone

21
Q

Long term impacts of an earthquake

A

People missing
Financial crisis
Loss of jobs

22
Q

Name tsunami impacts

A

Reliance on aid - relying on another country
Debry in water - many die
Lack of aid - inadequate healthcare
Lack of warning - no one had time to prepare
Missing people put on notice board - not social media
Holidays - many tourists - language barriers

23
Q

What are the primary impacts of volcanoes?

A

pyroclastic flows, tephra, lava flows, volcanic gases

24
Q

What are the secondary impacts of volcanoes?

A

lahars, jokulhlaups

25
Q

What is Pyroclastic flow?

A

Dense fast-moving flow of solidified lava pieces, volcanic ash, and hot gases

26
Q

What is Pyroclastic flow caused by?

A

Column of lava, ash & gases - loses its momentum

27
Q

Give an example of this

A

eruption of mount Pelee on the island of Martinique May 8th 1902

28
Q

What is a tephra?

A

Anything on surface of volcano and goes up in air then comes back down, these are glassy particles - cooling of droplets of magma, they’re cool cos they’re from a cool place like a mountain or Antartica

29
Q

What is a tephras origins

A

explosive volcanic eruptions

30
Q

What are a tephras harmful effects?

A

causes physical damage on vegetation - altering capacity to exchange gas, water and heat with atmosphere of a chemical effect e.g. nutrient input or acidification on sensitive soils

31
Q

Give an example of this

A

Brow Bluff, Antartica (2016) Ice cloud - Atlantic eruptions

32
Q

What are lava flows?

A

magma cooling fast to turn into solid - can cause slab pull

33
Q

What are lava flows origins?

A

streams of molten rock that pour or ooze from an erupting vent

34
Q

What are its harmful effects?

A

hot - cause severe burns & burn down vegetation & structures and has enormous amounts of pressure - crush or burn anything whatever survives being burnt

35
Q

Give an example of this

A

Red Hot basaltic lava flow - Hawaii

36
Q

What are volcanic gases?

A

given off by active or dormant volcanoes and gases trapped in cavities in volcanic rocks, dissolved gases in magma & lava - from volcanic craters or vents

37
Q

What are the origins of volcanic gases?

A

primordial & recycled constituents from the earth’s mantle

38
Q

What are their harmful effects?

A

breathing air with more than 3% of CO2 - headaches, dizziness, increased heart rate & difficulty breathing and 15% of CO2 causes death

39
Q

Give an example of this

A

volcanic rocks

40
Q

What are lahars?

A

like wet concrete - flow down the slopes of volcanoes or down river valleys at rapid speeds - similar to fast-moving streams of water

41
Q

What are lahars origins?

A

Javanese origin

42
Q

What are its harmful effects?

A

cause serious economic & environmental damage to river valleys & flood plains. they crush, abrade, bury (buildings, valuable land) or carry anything away

43
Q

Give an example of this

A

1991 eruption of Mt.Panatubo, Philippines

44
Q

What are Jokulhlaups?

A

large landscape impact, flood volume & peak discharge, can erode gorges & spillways, dry waterfalls, streamlined obstacles, scour marks & longitudinal grooves

45
Q

What are its origins?

A

glacial outburst floods that occur frequently at many locations in Iceland

46
Q

What are its harmful effects?

A

melting creates glacial lakes - violently burst - resulting floods devastate downstream communities, many live in shadows of glacier

47
Q

Give an example of this

A

Himilayas, the Andes & Swiss Alps, Iceland

Topic 1: Tectonic Processes & Hazards (3 decks)

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