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Histology > Epithelium, Glands, and Specialization > Flashcards

Epithelium, Glands, and Specialization Flashcards

1
Q

Type of EPITHELIA

A

SIMPLE

STRATIFIED

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED

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2
Q

Types of SIMPLE EPITHELIA

A

Squamous

Cuboidal

Columnar

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3
Q

Types of STRATIFIED EPITHELIA

A

Squamous

Cuboidal

Columnar

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4
Q

Types of GLANDS

A

Unicellular

Multicellular (Simple, unbranched, and Compound, branched)

Exocrine

Endocrine

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5
Q

Types of secretion

A

Serous

Mucous

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6
Q

Mechanisms of secretion

A

Merocrine

Apocrine

Holocrine

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7
Q

Name the cell type

A

Endothelium cells

Simple Squamous

Endothelial nuclei are indicated by arrows

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8
Q

Important characteristics & functions of EPITHELIUM

A

1) covering/lining of all body surfaces – it is derived from all three germ layers
2) have specific apical, laterial, and basal domains
3) Basement membrane: Extracellular membrane attachment of cells to underlying connective tissue
4) Avascular
5) Majority of glands derived from epithelia
5) High regenerative capacity
6) Diversity of function (e.g. protections, secretion, absorbtion)

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9
Q

Name the cell type

A

Epithelium (gall bladder)

Simple columnar

Always look for the simplest form of an epithelium as it will usually be representative (plane of section artifacts can lead to mis-diagnosis)

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10
Q

Name the cell type

A

Epithelium (small intestine)

Simple Columnar

Always look for the simplest form of an epithelium as it will usually be representative (plane of section artifacts can lead to mis-diagnosis)

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11
Q

Transitional cells

A

Large surface cells [umbrella, dome cells], often binucleate. Unique to urinary system – thus also called UROTHELIUM

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12
Q

Cytokeratins

A

Intermediate filaments

All epithelia contain keratin intermediate filaments

Therefore, cytokeratins are diagnostic of epithelia

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13
Q
A

Terminal Bar: Junction Complex

Can be either Zonula Adherens or Zonula Occludens

(can’t distinguish between the two in that picture)

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14
Q

Zonula Occludens: Principal Functions

A

Selective permeability barrier

  • seal intracellular space
  • regulate paracellular transport
  • facilitate/promote transcellular transport

Cell polarity influence

  • separate apical from basolateral domains
  • restrict movement within cell membrane
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15
Q
A

Tight junctions AKA zonula occludens

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16
Q

Zonula Occludens: Principal Components

A

Major integral membrane proteins

  • Claudins
  • Occludin
  • Tricellulin

Peripheral membrane proteina (intracellular)

  • Zonula occludens (ZO) ZO-1, ZO-2, ZO-3
  • Others (eg. cingulin, spectrin)

Cytoskeleton proteins

  • Actin
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17
Q

Tricellulin

A

regulation of paracellular flow

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18
Q

Zonula Adherens: Principal Functions

A

Important belt-like cell-cell adhesion units

(circumferential = zonary)

Functions:

  • Thought to mediate folding and other 3D shapes of epithelia via actin and myosin
  • Tranduce signals from adjacent cells
  • resist mechanical stress
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19
Q

Zonula Adherens: Principal Components

A

Integral membrane proteins (E-cadherins: Ca++ binding, homotypic interactions)

•Peripheral membrane proteins (intracellular)

  • Catenins (α-, β-, γ-)
  • α-Actinin
  • Vinculin

•Cytoskeleton proteins

  • Actin (filamentous) – they are continuous with actin cytoskeleton
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20
Q

Gap junctions

A

A type of lateral surface specialization - Communicating junction

Important spot-like (punctate) cell-cell communication and resource-sharing unites

Channels formed as adjacent connexons align between cell membranes - 6 connexins make up one connexon

found in many tissues and function in electrical synapses

Appoximation to syncytium (multiple nuclei sharing cytoplasm)

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21
Q
A

(Basal Lamina cell)

a. Collagen III
b. Collagen IV, Lamina Densa
c. Lamina Lucida
d. Reticular Lamina
e. Basal Lamina

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22
Q

Basement Membrane

A

Made up of the basal lamina, retucular fibers, and anchoring fibrils (Collagen VII)

Provides physical support; trasmits forces to adjacent CT

Has selective permeability; filter for macromolecules and cell migration barrier

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23
Q

Basal Lamina

A

One component of basement membrane (along with reticular lamina)

Made up of Type IV collagen, laminin (both of which form chicken wire networks), and nidogen

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24
Q

Reticular Lamina

A

One component of the basement membrane (along with basal lamina)

Made up of reticular fibers; mostly collagen III

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25
Q

Describe and Identify

A

Repiratory tract epithelium

Pseudostratified

Ciliated

Columnar

with Goblet cells

(photo also contains wandering lymphocytes)

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26
Q

Pseudostratified

A

All cells rest on the basal lamina, but some don’t reach the free surface

In the respiratory tract, they are specialized for propelling mucus + debris towards the oral cavity

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27
Q

Goblet cells

A

Unicellular epithelial gland

pseudostratified eg. trachea

simply columnar eg. ntestine

28
Q

Respiratory Tract Epithelial characteristics

A

Pseudostratified, ciliated columnar with goblet cells

29
Q

Identify and describe

A

Myoepithelial cells AKA Basket cells

Pseudostratified

Cells sitting on basal lamina are highly eosinophilic, because there are lots of mitochondria and lots of actin/myosin protein

30
Q

ID type of cells and where it is from

A

Stratified squamous keratinizing epithelium (SSKE) from the skin

31
Q

Gland formation

A

All begin as an epithelial ingrowth and all retain keratin expression

32
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

Maintain contact with surface epithelium, secrete into a lumen

33
Q

Endocrine gland

A

Lose contact with surface epithelium, secrete into interstitial space

34
Q

Merocrine secretion

A

Secretions by exocytosis; only the product is released

Typical secretions include:

  • zymogens
  • sweat
  • mucous
  • lysozyme

Subcategory: eccrine, referring to sweat secretion from eccrine sweat glands

35
Q

Sebum

A

Released by holocrin secretion: the entire cell and its contents become the secretory product

Note: the phenotypic progression of cells from base to duct

  • cell borders disappear
  • nucleus degenerates
  • cytoplasmic droplets coalesce
36
Q

Holocrin secretion

A

the entire cell and its contents (sebum) become the secretory product

Mechanism of secretion: apoptosis

Note phenotypic progression of cells from base to duct:

  • cell borders disappear
  • nucleus degenerates
  • cytoplasmic droplets coalesce
37
Q

What type of gland is this?

A

Mixed seromucous, a combination of serous and mucous common in a lot of glands

38
Q

Serous

A
  • watery secretion
  • abundant RER
  • round nucleus
  • cells well stained
39
Q

Mucous

A
  • thick secretion
  • clear cytoplasm
  • flat nucleus (an artifact of preparation)
  • cells poory stained
40
Q

Apocrine secretion

A

aka decapitation secretion; a portion of the apical cytoplasm is released along with the product.

41
Q

Identify type of secretion

A

This mammary gland exibits both apocrine secretion (large round form) and merocrine secretion (small black circles floating away to the sides of the apocrine secretion)

42
Q

Describe cell type

A

Simple cuboidal

43
Q
A

Pseudostratified

44
Q
A

Stratified Cuboidal

45
Q
A

Simple columnar

46
Q
A

Transitional

47
Q
A

SSNKE

48
Q
A

Stratified Columnar

49
Q
A

Simple squamous

50
Q
A

SSKE

51
Q

Epithelia are derived from…

A

Ecotoderm - external eg. epidermis

Mesoderm - internal eg. pericardial cavity

Endoderm - “internal” eg. GI, respiratory tract

52
Q

Epithelia display what kind of intermediate filaments

A

Keratin

Epithelia express keratin intermediate filaments (diagnostic for all epithelia)

53
Q

Two general classes of epithelia

A

Lining or glandular

54
Q

All epithelia are vascular or avascular?

A

Avascular

55
Q

Epithelia Functions

A

Protection (epidermis provides waterproofing, and insulation

stomach lining protects from acid, etc.)

Surface transport (cilia in respiratory epithelium propel particles upward; oviduct cilia move the ovum)

Absorption (microvilli in intestinal epithelium & kidney tubules absorb nutrients)

Secretion (both unicellular & multicellular glands)

Trans-epithelial transport

  • apical to basal: kidney tubules transport nutrients from the lumen to basal connective tissue
  • basal to apical: lymph resorption into lymphatics

Reproductive (seminiferous tubule generates sperm)

Special sensory (taste buds, hair cells in cochlea)

Contraction (myoepithelium)

56
Q
A

Simple squamous cells of a small vein

57
Q
A

Simple cuboidal cells of renal tubule

58
Q
A

Simple columnar cells of intestine

59
Q
A

Stratified columnar cells of large ducts, conjuntiva

60
Q
A

stratified squamous keratinizing epithelium (SSKE)

eg. skin epidermis

61
Q
A

stratified squamous non-keratinizing epithelium (SSNKE)

e.g. esophagus, anal canal, vagina

62
Q
A

Pseudostratified, columnar, ciliated with goblet cells in the trachea (aka respiratory epithelium)

Pseudostratified: All cells contact basal lamina, not all reach free surface. Typically has cilia except in parts of male reproductive system. (True stratified epithelia NEVER have cilia).

63
Q
A

Transitional AKA urothelium cells of the urinary system

(technically pseudostratified)

Large surface cells [umbrella cells], often binucleate. Unique to urinary system – thus also called urothelium

64
Q
A
65
Q

Myoepithelial cells

A

AKA basket cells

help to expel the secretory products

Histology (11 decks)

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