Cartilage and Bone Flashcards
Types of cartilage (specialized CT)
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage
Cartilage
- contains collagen II
- contains sulfated proteoglygans (e.g. aggrecan) plus other ECM proteins dependent on cartilage type
- net negative charge (basophilic)
- avascular & aneural
- chondrocytes in isogenous groups
Types of bone tissue (specialized CT)
- Woven
- Lamellar
- Compact (includes Haversian bone)
- Spongy (cancellous, trabecular)
all contain calcium hydroxyapatite
Hyaline Cartilage
translucent (think: Glass)
very hydrated; resists compression
smooth
located in all articular joint surfaces
- isogenous groups (back-to-back D’s: D)
- territorial matrix - TM (very basophilic)
- homogeneous interterritorial matrix - ITM (less basophilic)
- abundant sulfated PGs (e.g. aggrecan, thus very hydrated)
- cells retracted from lacunae (L. “lake” or “lagoon”)
- perichondrium at edges (but NOT at articular surfaces)
- grows by both interstitial & appositional deposition
Elastic Cartilage
similar to hyaline but also contains elastic fibers
found in external ear, eustachian tube, epiglottis
- isogenous groups (back-to-back D’s:D)
- territorial matrix
- elastic fibers present surrounding cells and in interterritorial matrix
- perichondrium
- interstitial/appositional growth
Fibrocartilage
hydrated (resists compression) but also contains collagen I so also high in tensile strength
found in intervertebral discs, temporomandibular joints, public symphysis
- isogenous groups (back-to-back D’s:D)
- territorial matrix not obvious
- wavy collagen fibers (type I) present, thus eosinophilic
- NO perichondrium
- has fibroblasts
- interstitial growth
Interstitial growth
pushes to side
Appositional growth
on top of eachother
Location of hyaline cartilage
articular surfaces
Elastic fibers
look like wires
ID the type of tissue and the type of growth
Hyaline Cartilage
Appositional growth (left) and Interstitial growth (right)
Chondrocytes
Cartilage cells
Osteoarthritis
progressive, wear & tear joint disease of unknown cause
Rheumatoid arthritis
Autoimmune, destruction of cartilage
Woven Bone
- immature bone
- disorderly arrangement of collagen
Lamellar Bone
Compact
- Haversian systems
- concentric lamellae
- osteocytes interconnected by processes within canaliculi
- central Haversian canal
- interstitial lamellae
- periosteum & endosteum
Spongy (aka cancellous, trabecular)
- lamellae
- osteocytes interconnected by processes within canaliculi
- endosteum
Histological preparation of bone tissues
ID Type
Woven bone (immature bone)
ID Type of Bone and Labeled sections
Compact Bone
Volkman’s Canal (A) and Interstitial Lamallae (IL)
Interstitial Lamallae
space between osteons, remnants of osteons that were partially resorbed during the process of bone remodeling
Canaliculi
microscopic canals between the lacunae of ossified bone
Interconnect osteocytes in life
Lacunae
where osteocytes lived
a small space containing an osteocyte in bone or chondrocyte in cartilage
Periosteum and Endosteum
endosteum (plural endostea) is a thin vascular membrane of connective tissue that lines the inner surface of the bony tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bones
periosteum is the membrane that covers the outer surface of all bones,[1]except at the joints of long bones
Spongy (cancellous) bone
contains bone lamallae but not haversian systems
Cells in bone tissue
osteogenic cells
- mesenchymal derivative
- osteoblasts (Ob)
- osteocytes (Oc)
osteoclasts
- MPS-derivative
- multinucleated
- acidophilic (many mitochondria & enzymes)
Continual balance of of “blast” and “clast” activities for
- bone remodeling to accommodate stress changes
- maintenance of Ca2+ levels
Osteoporosis
- bone degradation > bone formation
- estrogen reduction causes increased resorption (physiologic estrogen levels inhibit bone resorption)
- aging and hormone related (physiologic estrogen levels inhibit bone resoption)
- female incidence > male
Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI)
- aka brittle bone disease
- most result from mutations in type I collagen (frequently affecting glycine)
- collagen fibrils (fibers) are defective and production is reduced
- many collagen-rich tissues are affected (teeth, sclera, etc.)
Identify:
- woven bone
- osteoid
- osteoblasts
- osteoclasts
- osteocytes
- calcified cartilage
ID this tissue
What do you call the region labeled with the asterisks?
Is the tissue growing or quiescent?
Hyaline cartilage
Interterritorial Matrix (ITM)
Growing because cells are dividing (double Ds and groups of 4)
ID Tissue type and the labels
Hyaline Cartilage
territorial matrix - TM (very basophilic)
homogeneous interterritorial matrix - ITM (less basophilic)
cells retracted from lacunae (L. “lake” or “lagoon”)
perichondrium at edges (but NOT at articular surfaces)
Capsula is very basophilic (dark outline of cell), surrounding territorial matrix, during growth – not so basophilic when fully matured
ID Tissue type
Elastic Cartilage
- perichondrium w/ chrondrogenic cells
- hyaline cartilage-like w/ branching elastic fibers (special stains)
- avascular ECM
- territorial & interterritorial matrices; basophilia mainly due to chondroitin sulfates
- appositional and interstitial growth
ID Tissue type
Fibrocartilage
- Hybrid of hyaline + dense CT
- No perichondrium
- Collagen I + collagen II
- Chondrocytes + fibroblasts
- Interstitial growth
ID Tissue Type
Fibrocartilage
- Hybrid of hyaline + dense CT
- No perichondrium
- Collagen I + collagen II
- Chondrocytes + fibroblasts
- Interstitial growth
ID Tissue Type and Type of staining
Fibrocartilage
H&E (left) and Trichrome (right)
Arthritis
[Gr arthron =joint + -itis =inflammation] is a condition characterized by inflammation of joints due to degeneration of articular cartilage resulting in pain, stiffness, swelling & restriction of joint mobility
Osteoarthritis: typically a disease of aging; caused by “wear & tear” of articular cartilages; also may be due to injury or infection
Rheumatoid arthritis: autoimmune disease involving cartilage, bone & synovial membranes
Territorial matrix is highly
Basophilic.
ITM is less basophilic
Capsula is most basophilic
Volkmann’s Canal
only found in compact bone
any of the small channels in the bone that transmit blood vessels from the periosteum into the bone and that communicate with the haversian canals
Haversian System
Only found in compact bone
osteon or haversian system is the fundamental functional unit of much compact bone
ID Tissue and Stain
Compact Bone
Ground section ? or Decalcified (fine detail less visible)
ID Labels
a. lacunae
b. Volkmann Canal
c. Canuliculi
d. Interstitial Lamellae
e. Osteon
f. Lamellar bone
Diagram of Bone tissue (No Question)
ID Type of Tissue and Labels
Compact Bone
H = Haversian System
O = Osteocytes
L = Lamellae
P = Periosteum
C = circumferential lamellae
ID Labels
a. Osteocyte
b. Osteoclast
c. Osteoid
d. Decalcified Bone
e. Osteoblast
Osteoblasts
Bone-makers
Osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts and osteocytes are all derived from mesenchymal precursors
form a single layer on the surfaces of developing bone and lay down osteoid, which mineralizes to become bone tissue. They are intensely basophilic, owing to the presence of abundant rER for active protein synthesis. Osteoblasts are derived from flattened, fibroblast-like osteogenic cells that migrate from the stem cell niches of the periosteum or endosteum. Osteoblasts become trapped within lacunae and differentiate into osteocytes (O)
ID Cell Type
Osteoblasts, bone-makers
ID Cell Types
Osteoclasts
Bone-breakers
mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) lineage: derived from monocytes
break down bone and are multinucleate cells with highly eosinophilic cytoplasm
Sharpey Fibers
Bundles of penetrating collagen fibers that anchor tendons and ligaments to the underlying bone tissue
Osteon
AKA Haversian System
Cylindrical, structural units that are formed by lamellar bone arranged concentrically around longitudinally oriented vascular channels
ID Selection
Woven bone (immature bone)
ID labels
a. osteocyte
b. osteoblast
c. osteoid
d. woven bone
e. osteoclast
Cartilage Types Summary (No question)
Bone Types Summary (No question)
