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FunMed Week 2 > Epithelium and Glands (Histology) > Flashcards

Epithelium and Glands (Histology) Flashcards

1
Q

define tissues

A

aggregates of cells organised to perform specific functions, through a distinctive pattern of organisation

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2
Q

what are the four types of tissue?

A
  1. epithelium (body surfaces, cavities and glands)
  2. connective tissue (support)
  3. muscle tissue
  4. nerve tissue
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3
Q

how do you differentiate between the four different of body tissue types?

A

morphology: epithelial and connective

function: muscle / nerve tissue

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4
Q

what is epithelium derived from?

A

ectoderm and endoderm (early embryonic layers

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5
Q

which parts of body are and arent covered by epithelium?

A

covers all body surfaces

articular cartilage, tooth enamel and anterior of iris

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6
Q

what are the functions of the epi?

A
  1. protection (skin)
  2. detection
  3. sensation
  4. regenerative capacity
  5. absorption (intestines)
  6. material transport (cilia)
  7. gas ex (alveolus)
  8. excretion
    9 secretion (glands)
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7
Q

describe the surface of the epithelium tissue

A

have a free surface - top surface is free: apical surface
basal surface: attached

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8
Q

describe how epi cells are bound

A

bound by contiguous sheets - joined by cell to cell junctions

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9
Q

how are epi cells renewed?

A

by mitosis

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10
Q

how do epi tissue get nourishment and oxygen?

A

AVASCULAR
nourishment and O2 derived from underlying connective tissue

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11
Q

what is epi tissue supported by? what does this do

A

BASEMENT MEMBRANE - non cellular protein-polysaccharide rich tissue

separates the epithelial from the connective tissue.

The basement membrane is form of extracellular matrix that underlies all epithelia. It provides structural support to epithelia and forms a mechanical connection between epithelia and underlying connective tissue. The basement membrane also regulates the metabolism, proliferation, survival and differentiation of epithelial cells.

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12
Q

what is free surface aka?

A

apical domain

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13
Q

what is difference in simple and stratified epithelial tissue?

A

simple = one cell layer

stratified = multiple layers

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14
Q

how are epi cells named with regards to shape?

A

squamous: flattened (squeezed)
cuboidal: rectangular
columnar: longer than is wide

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15
Q

how do u classify epithelium cells?

A
  1. number of cells
  2. cell shape
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16
Q

where do you find transitional cells?

A

lower urinary tract

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17
Q

describe the structure of transitional cells?

A

stratified epithelium cells

appear cuboidal when relaxed and squamous when stretched.

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18
Q

whats special about transitional cells? where found?

A

name and location: transitional epithelium of urinary tract

at the top, the cells look dome shaped - look inflated (aka distend)

why?
when bladder is full, it allows the tissue to distend - the cells become flat.

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19
Q

what are pseudostratified cells and where found?

A

appears stratified but they are actually simple due to location of the nucleus. one cell has nucleus close to membrane, but others are further up - give the illusion of multiple layers

location: mainly found in the larger respiratory airways of the nasal cavity, trachea and bronchi.

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20
Q

where do you find pseudostratified cells?

A

trachea

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21
Q

what are endothelium cells?

A

simple squamous epithelia lining of blood vessels

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22
Q

what are endocardium cells?

A

simple squamous epithelial lining of the ventricles and atria of the heart

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23
Q

what are the mesothelium cells?

A

simple squamous epithelial lining of body cavities

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24
Q

give 3 e.gs epithelial cells lack a free surface?

A

Leydig cells in the testis
Lutein cells of the ovary
Langerhan islets of the pancreas

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25
Q

what is the name of epithelial cells that lack a free surface?

A

epithelioid cells

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26
Q

what are the three types of epithelial cells that have projections into free space?

A
  1. microvilli
  2. stereocilia
  3. cilia
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27
Q

what appearance do microvilli give under microscope?

A

rough appearance

28
Q

how are intestine and kidney microvilli described?

A

the rough appearance under micro for intestines: striated border

the rough appearance under micro for kidney: brush border

29
Q

what do microvilli and stereocilia both have inside them?

A

actin filaments

30
Q

where do u find stereocilia?

A

epididymis - help with sperm maturation

inner ear - help convert soundwaves to electric impulse

31
Q

which is longer stereocilia or microvilli?

A

stereocilia

32
Q

how do u describe
cilia? where do you find cilia?

A

extensions of the apical plasma membrane

in a nearly all cells in the body

33
Q

how do you classify cilia and where do u find each different type?

A
  1. motile cilia
  2. primary cilia - immotile cilia found in almost every cell. NO active movement, but can passively bend
  3. nodal cilia: found in embryo
34
Q

what is the basement membrane made of ?

describe the two parts

A

two components:

  1. basal lamina - sheet like ECM in direct contact with epithelial cells
  2. reticular lamina - supports the basal lamina and is continous with connective tissue (collaged fibres)
35
Q

what are the two distinct proteins found in the basement membrane/

A

laminin and fibronectin

36
Q

what is role of laminin and fibronectin ?

A

associate with collagens, proteoglycans and other proteins -> ORGANISATION OF THE BASEMENT MEMBRANE

37
Q

what is the function of basement membrane?

A
  1. structural attachment
  2. filtration - e.g. glomerular filtration in the kidneys
  3. compartmentilisation
  4. tissue scaffolding during regen
  5. regulation and signaling
38
Q

give two e.g.s of where BM plays a key role?

A
  1. glomerular filtration barrier in the kidneys
  2. covers the surface of muscle cells - contributes to maintaining the integrity of the skeletal muscle fibre during contraction
39
Q

disruption of basal lamina-cell muscle relationship gives rise to ?

A

muscular dystrophies

40
Q

where do glands originate from?

A

invaginated epi. cells

41
Q

describe the structure of glands / glandular epithelium

A
  • secretory units make up the parenchyma
  • supported by connective tissue
42
Q

what is the parenchyma?

A

tissue which conducts the specific function of the organ and usually comprises the bulk of the organ.

43
Q

what does stroma mean?

A

connective tissue

44
Q

where are gland products produced?

A

intracellularly

45
Q

what do glands secrete?

A

mucus, enzymes and hormones

46
Q

what are the different types of exocrine glands?

A

simple - singular branching

branched - few branches

compound - multiple branches

47
Q

what is exocrine and endocrine cells?

where are products secreted for each?

A

exocrine: product secretion onto the surface directly / through epithelial ducts connected to the surface
endocrine: lack a duct system. products secreted into connective tissue + then blood stream

48
Q

what are the different types of exocrine gland secretion?

A
  1. merocrine / eccrine secretion: product is delivered through exocytosis

2. apocrine secretion: product is secreted via partial loss of the cell apical portion

3. holocrine secretion: product out by cell apoptosis

49
Q

how are exocrine glands classified?

A
  1. unicellular glands - secretion by a single cell (ie goblet)
  2. multicellular glands - more than one cells and can assume different structural organisation
50
Q

what type of secretions do:
1. mucous glands
2. serous glands
create?

A

mucous - viscous
serous - watery

51
Q

what are epithelium cells renewed by?

A
52
Q

draw epithelial cell structure include:
- epithelial cells

  • apical domain
  • basement membrane
  • basal domain
A
53
Q

what is a squamous cell?

draw simple and stratified squamous cells

A

flattened cell

54
Q

what is a cuboidal cell?

draw simple and stratified cuboidal cells

A
55
Q

what is a columnar cell?

draw simple and stratified columnar epithelial cells

A

height > width

56
Q

name type of epi. cells found here

A

simple squamous

57
Q

what classification are these cells?

A

si

58
Q

what type of epi. cells are these?

A

simple columnar

59
Q

what are epithelium cells called that lack a free surface?

A

epitheloid cells

60
Q

nuclei of cells in glandular cells always face…?

A

basal membrane

61
Q
A
62
Q

what three features are used to classify epithelia?

A

Shape of surface cells

Number of layers of cells

Specializations

63
Q

What specializations are found on the apical surface of epithelial cells and their function?

A

Microvilli - increases the apical surface available for absorption

Cilia - motility

Keratin - protection and dehydration

64
Q

Are epithelia polarized?

A

Yes, epithelial cells have distinct apical (top), basal (bottom), and lateral (side) surfaces

65
Q

name for translational cells?

A

umbrella cells

66
Q

where do you find pseudostratified epithelium cells?

A

trachea

FunMed Week 2 (10 decks)

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