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Histology Exam 2 KB > Epithelial Surface Specialization > Flashcards

Epithelial Surface Specialization Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two parts of the basement membrane?

A

The basal and reticular laminae

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2
Q

What collagen is mainly found in the basal lamina?

A

Type IV

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3
Q

What collagen is mainly found in the reticular lamina?

A

Type III

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4
Q

What collagen is associated with anchoring fibers?

A

Type VII

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5
Q

What color do reticular fibers stain with silver?

A

Black

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6
Q

What color do reticular fibers stain with PAS?

A

Magenta

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7
Q

What color do reticular fibers stain with H&E?

A

They do not stain with H&E

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8
Q

What are some apical epithelial specializations?

A

Microvilli, cilia with basal bodies, stereocilia, glycocalyx

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9
Q

What are some lateral (junctional) epithelial specializations?

A

Zonary junctions - zonula occludens (tight/occluding junctions), zonula adherens (zonary adhering junctions)
Macular junctions - macula adherens (desmosomes), macula communicans (communicating junctions, gap junctions, or nexus)

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10
Q

What are some basal epithelial specializations?

A

Basement membrane, hemidesmosomes, in/outfoldings

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11
Q

What do microvilli and cilia have in common?

A

They are both evaginations of the cell membrane

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12
Q

What is different about microvilli and cilia with regard to their cores?

A

Microvilli have actin filaments in their cores and cilia have microtubules in theirs (the microtubules are organized into ring structures of 9 doublets surrounding 1 doublet and the actin is not arranged like this in microvilli).

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13
Q

What is different about microvilli and cilia with regard to size and uniformity?

A

Cilia are much larger (width- and length-wise) than microvilli and microvilli will have a more uniform appearance

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14
Q

What are four components of the glycocalyx and what color will it stain with PAS? What also dies the same color with this stain?

A

Glyolipids, glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and cholesterol
Purple
Goblet cells

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15
Q

What are stereocilia?

A

They’re long modified microvilli

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16
Q

True or false: Stereocilia are ubiquitous.

A

False

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17
Q

Where are sterocilia found?

A
  1. Male reproductive tract (epithelium of epididymis and ductus deferens)
  2. Sensory hair cells of inner ear
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18
Q

What is the motor molecule of cilia?

A

Dynein

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19
Q

What is the microtubule subunit?

A

Tubulin

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20
Q

What structures are basal bodies found in? Where in this structure are the basal bodies and what is inside of the basal bodies

A

At the base of cilia

Microtubules are inside

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21
Q

Kartagener’s syndrome occurs in patients that are affected with which disease?

A

Primary ciliary dyskinesia

22
Q

What is the major cause of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia? What is one symptom?

A

It is caused by the complete or partial absences of dynein arms in consequently abnormal cilia and flagella.
Infertility is a common symptom as this affects sperm motility and the ability of the female reproductive tract to move eggs and sperm along it.

23
Q

What are the zonary types of cell junctions?

A 
Zonula occludens (ZO; tight occluding junction)
Zonula adherens (ZA; adhering band/zonule)
24
Q

What are the punctate types of cell junctions?

A 
Macula adherens (MA; desmosome, adhering spot)
Macula communicans (nexus, gap junction)
25
Q

What is the order from the apical surface to the basal surface of junctional complexes?

A

ZO (zonula occludens), ZA (zonula adherens), MA (macula adherens) - MA is not always present

26
Q

What are two integral membrane or transmembrane proteins involved in occluding junctions?

A

Claudins and occludin

27
Q

What are some intracellular peripheral membrane proteins in occluding junctions?

A

ZO-1, ZO-2, ZO-3
cingulin
spectrin

28
Q

What are important cytoskeletal proteins in occluding junctions?

A

Actin

29
Q

What are the integral membrane proteins in zonula adherens (adhering junctions)?

A

Integral membrane proteins: E-cadherins (they bind Ca++)

Cytoskeleton proteins: Actin

30
Q

True or false: There is no reticular lamina in the alveoli in the lungs and the renal glomeruli.

A

True

31
Q

What is the terminal bar and what is another name for it?

A

It is a junctional structure, also called the junctional complex, that acts in different ways to hold certain epithelial cells together at the apical end of the lateral cell boundaries.

32
Q

What makes up one terminal bar and what is unique about it?

A

A tight junction, or zonula occluden, an adhering junction, or zonula adheren, and a desmosome, or macula adheren and it has polarity, always going in the above order from apical to basal surface.

33
Q

What are one main function of tight junctions (zonula occludens)?

A
  1. It acts as a selectively permeable barrier (seals intercellular space, regulates paracellular transport, facilitates and promotes transcellular transport)
34
Q

What is another main function of tight junctions (zonula occludens)?

A
  1. It influences cell polarity (separates apical from basal domains and restricts movement within the cell membrane)
35
Q

What are the main functions of the zonula adherens (adhering junctions)?

A
  1. Important belt-like cell-cell adhesion units
  2. Thought to mediate folding and other 3D shapes of epithelia via actin and myosin interactions
  3. Appear to be required for tight junction formation
36
Q

What are the principal components of the macula adherens or desmosomes?

A

Integral membrane proteins: cadherins - desmocollins and desmogleins
Cytoskeletal proteins: keratin

37
Q

What are the principal functions of macula adherens or desmosomes?

A
  1. Important punctate, spot-like, cell-cell adhesion units
  2. Membrane anchor for intermediate filaments of cytoskeleton
  3. Transmit tensile strength through epithelium
  4. Cell signaling
38
Q

True or false: Desmogleins are a type of cadherin.

A

True

39
Q

What is impetigo?

A

It is a blistering disease caused by a bacterial infection that releases toxins that attack specific desmoglein proteins of desmosomes.

40
Q

What is pemphigus?

A

It is an autoimmune blistering disease in which desmoglein is attacked by antibodies.

41
Q

What are the principal components of gap junctions?

A

Integral membrane proteins - connexons (Cx)

42
Q

What are the principal functions of gap junctions?

A
  1. Important spot-like (punctate) cell-cell communication and resource-sharing units
  2. Approximation to syncytium (many cells coming together to form one massive cell)
43
Q

Where do desmosomes bear the brunt of mechanical stress?

A

Epidermis and the heart

44
Q

What are the principal components of hemidesmosomes?

A

Integral membrane proteins - integrin (bind to laminin in ECM) and type XVII collagen
Cytoskeleton proteins - keratin (intermediate filaments)

45
Q

What are the principal functions of hemidesmosomes?

A
  1. Important spot-like (punctate) cell-matrix adhesion units
  2. Serve as basal membrane anchor for intermediate filaments of cytoskeleton
  3. Transmit tensile strength from epithelium to ECM
46
Q

What function are basal infoldings associated with? What organelle are they consequently associated with? How do these organelles stain?

A

Function: Ion transport and associated water movement
Organelle: Mitochondria that provide energy for the numerous ion pumps - they stain darkly

47
Q

Where are basal infoldings commonly found?

A

In the proximal and distal tubules of the kidney and the striated ducts of major salivary glands

48
Q

What is the principal function of basal outfoldings?

A

Increasing surface area of the epithelial cells for better attachment to the underlying connective tissue

49
Q

Where are basal outfoldings commonly found?

A

Certain epithelia of the skin, like SSKE

50
Q

True or false: Zonula adherens provide resistance to mechanical stress.

A

True

Histology Exam 2 KB (3 decks)

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