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POM| Molecular Biology of The Cell > Epithelial Cells > Flashcards

Epithelial Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What is extracellular matrix (ECM)?

A

material deposited by cells which forms the “insoluble” part of the extracellular environment

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2
Q

What is ECM generally composed of?

A

Fibrillar proteins (collagens, elastin) embedded in a hydrated gel (proteoglycans or ground substance)

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3
Q

What are some examples of poorly and highly organised ECM?

A

Poorly organised - Loose connective tissue
Highly organised - Tendon, bone, basal lamina

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4
Q

What are the 5 main cell types?

A

Connective
Contractile
Haematopoietic
Neural
Epithelial

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5
Q

Connective tissue examples

A

Chondrocytes (cartilage)
Osteocytes (bone)
Fibroblasts (many tissues)

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6
Q

Contractile tissue examples

A

Skeletal, Cardiac and Smooth muscles

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7
Q

Haematopoietic cell examples

A

blood cells
tissue-resident immune cells
bone marrow cells

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8
Q

Neural cell examples

A

Neurones and Glial cells

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9
Q

What is carcinoma?

A

Epithelial cell cancer

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10
Q

What is sarcoma?

A

Mesenchymal (connective and muscle) cancers

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11
Q

What is leukaemia?

A

Haematopoietic cancer (bone marrow cells)

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12
Q

What is lymphoma?

A

Haematopoietic cancer (lymphocytes)

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13
Q

What is neuroblastoma?

A

Neural cell cancer (neurones)

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14
Q

What is glioma?

A

Neural cell cancer (glial cells)

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15
Q

What is epithelial cell cancer called?

A

carcinoma

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16
Q

What are cancers of mesenchymal tissue called?

A

Sarcoma

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17
Q

What are the 2 types of haematopoietic cancers?

A

Leukaemia and Lymphoma

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18
Q

What are the 2 types of neural cancers?

A

Neuroblastoma and Glioma

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19
Q

Functions of Epithelial cells

A

transport, absorption, secretion, protection

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20
Q

How are epithelial cells classified?

A

According to their shape and layering

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21
Q

What type of epithelium is flattened, plate shaped?

A

Squamous

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22
Q

Name the epithelium (shape+layering)

A

Simple squamous

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23
Q

What type of epithelium is arranged in columns?

A

Columnar

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24
Q

Name the epithelium (shape+layering)

A

Simple columnar

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25
Q

What type of epithelium is cube-like?

A

Cuboidal

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26
Q
A

Simple cuboidal

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27
Q

What is the term given for multi-layered epithelium?

A

Stratified epithelium

28
Q

What type of epithelium is found in lung alveoli?

A

Simple squamous

29
Q

What type of epithelium is found in mesothelium (lining major body cavities)?

A

Simple squamous

30
Q

What type of epithelium is found in endothelium lining blood vessels?

A

Simple squamous

31
Q

What type of epithelium is this?

A

Simple squamous

32
Q

What type of epithelium is found in ducts such as kidney collecting ducts?

A

Simple cuboidal

33
Q

What type of epithelium is this?

A

Simple cuboidal

34
Q

What type of epithelium is found in surfaces involved in absorption and secretion (e.g. enterocytes lining the gut)?

A

Simple columnar

35
Q

What type of epithelium is this?

A

Simple columnar

36
Q

What are the 2 sub-types of Stratified Squamous epithelium?

A

Keratinizing - dead cells due to kerating production, thicker, e.g. skin
Non-keratinizing - nuclei and organelles in-tact

37
Q

What type of epithelium is found in mouth?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

38
Q

What type of epithelium is found in oesophagus?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

39
Q

What type of epithelium is found in anus?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

40
Q

What type of epithelium is found in cervix and vagina?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

41
Q

What type of epithelium is this?

A

Stratified squamous

42
Q

Is this epithelium keratinizing or not?

A
43
Q

Is this epithelium keratinizing or not?

A
44
Q

What is pseudo-stratified epithelium?

A

Multi-layered like appearance but each cell is in contact with the basal lamina

45
Q

Identify epithelium

A

Pseudo-stratified (columnar) epithelium

46
Q

What type of epithelium is found in airways (trachea and bronchi)?

A

Pseudo-stratified columnar

47
Q

What type of epithelium is found in various ducts in urinary and reproductive tracts?

A

Pseudo-stratified columnar

48
Q

Identify apical and basolateral domains and junctions

A
49
Q

Is this epithelium polarised?

A

Unpolarised, as ions move both in and out from both domains

50
Q

Is this epithelium polarised?

A

Polarised, as ions move towards one direction from each domain

51
Q

Which one is polarised?

A

One on the right is polarised

52
Q

Why are the mitochondria in transport epithelia concentrated in the basal aspect of cells?

A

Provide ATP for active transport on the basal membrane

53
Q

Identify the enterocytes and goblet cells within the villi epithelium

A
54
Q

Identify the enterocytes and goblet cells within the villi epithelium

A
55
Q

What is the brush-border in the gut lumen?

A

Formed by microvilli, rich in active transporters and channels for nutrient uptake

56
Q

What are the 2 types of secretion?

A

Exocrine - into a duct or lumen
Endocrine - into the bloodstream

57
Q

Is this a exocrine or endocrine secretory cell?

A

Exocrine as secretion is from the apical membrane

58
Q

Is this a exocrine or endocrine secretory cell?

A

Endocrine as secretion is from the basal membrane into blood

59
Q

What is the term used for dead epithelial cells being replaced by proliferation of stem cells?

A

Epithelial turn-over

60
Q

Which cells replace the cells lost from the tips of intestinal villi?

A

Cells in intestinal crypts

60
Q

Why do some chemotherapies cause gastrointestinal disturbances?

A

They inhibit cell proliferation which results in loss of the finger-like intestinal villi and flattening of the intestinal mucosa

61
Q

What happens when there is too much epithelial cell proliferation in colon?

A

Increased number of cells lead to a tumour growth, in colon, called adenoma (polyp)

62
Q

Why are the basal cells in epider not keratinized?

A

They are dividing cells and while migrating, they undergo a programme of differentiation that eventually leads to them flattening out and keratinising

63
Q

What is the result of hyperproliferation of epidermal epithelial cells?

A

Formation of a thick hard layer on the skin

64
Q

What can cause hyperproliferation other than pressure and abrasion?

A

Infectious agents, such as HPV, hijack the cellular machinery of stratified squamous epithelia and inducing increased cell proliferation

POM| Molecular Biology of The Cell (10 decks)

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