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Anatomy > Epithelia and Glands > Flashcards

Epithelia and Glands Flashcards

1
Q

tissue whose cells are bound tightly together structurally & functionally to form a sheetlike or tubular structure with little extracellular material between the cells

A

epithelial tissue

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2
Q

cells in the epithelial have two sides. what are they?

A

apical side and basal side

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3
Q

define apical side

A

side facing the sheet’s free surface

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4
Q

define basal side

A

side facing a basement membrane and underlying connective tissue

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5
Q

what are the three varieties of epithelial cell nuclei?

A
  1. elliptical (oval)
  2. spherical
  3. flattened
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6
Q

a type of epithelial tissue that is derived from invagination and in growth of lining epithelia into underlying connective tissue

A

glands

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7
Q

what is epithelial tissue derived from?

A

ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm

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8
Q

epithelial tissue is supported by a __

A

basement membrane

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9
Q

what are the functions of epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Serve as covering, lining, & protecting surfaces (Ex. Epidermis).
  2. Absorption (Intestinal lining) or transcytosis, pinocytosis of materials at the apical side & exocytosis.
  3. Secretion ( Parenchymal cells of glands).
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10
Q

what are the three classification of epithelia based on number of cell layer?

A
  1. simple
  2. stratified
  3. transitional
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11
Q

what are the three classification of epithelia based on the shape of the component cells?

A
  1. columnar
  2. cuboidal
  3. squamous
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12
Q

what are the two classification of epithelia based on the presence of surface specialisations?

A
  1. cilia
  2. keratin
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13
Q

what is the region of the epithelial cell in contact with the CT?

A

basal pole

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14
Q

what is the the region of the epithelial cell at the opposite end of the CT usually facing a space?

A

apical pole

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15
Q

what are the regions of cuboidal or columnar cells that adjoin neighbouring cells?

A

lateral surfaces

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16
Q

what is the purpose of the numerous infolding in the cell membranes?

A

to increase the area of the surface, increasing its functional capacity

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17
Q

what are the five types of simple epithelium?

A
  1. simple squamous
  2. simple cuboidal
  3. simple columnar
  4. simple columnar ciliated
  5. pseudo-stratified columnar ciliated
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18
Q

single layer of epithelia whose function is selective diffusion, absorption and secretion?

A

simple epithelium

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19
Q

type of epithelia that varies from flattened to tall columnar

A

simple epithelium

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20
Q

type of epithelia that may exhibit variety of surface specialisation

A

simple epithelia

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21
Q

what are the surface specialisations on simple epithelia?

A

microvilli and cilia

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22
Q

Found in the air sacs (alveoli), lining of the blood vessels & lymphatics.

A

simple squamous epithelium

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23
Q

what is the type of epithelia that allows material to pass through by diffusion and filtration?

A

simple squamous epithelium

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24
Q

what is the type of epithelia that secretes and lubricates substances?

A

simple squamous epithelium

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25
Q

what is the type of epithelia that lines the thin loops of henle?

A

simple squamous epithelium

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26
Q

what is the type of epithelium that covers the outer wall of the intestine?

A

simple squamous epithelium

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27
Q

what is the type of epithelium that lines the inner surface of the cornea?

A

simple squamous epithelium

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28
Q

what is the type of epithelium found in the ducts s and secretory potions of small glands in the renal tubules?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

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29
Q

epithelia whose function is absorption and secretion

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

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30
Q

what is the type of epithelia found in the renal collecting tubule?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

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31
Q

what is the type of epithelium found in the thyroid follicles

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

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32
Q

what is the type of epithelium found in the thick mesothelium of an ovary?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

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33
Q

the type of epithelia whose function is absorption and secretion of mucus and enzymes

A

simple columnar epithelium

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34
Q

where are simple columnar ciliated epithelial tissues found?

A

in the bronchus, uterine tubes and uterus

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35
Q

what is the type of epithelium found in the renal collecting duct?

A

simple columnar epithelium

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36
Q

what is the type of epithelium found in the lining of the oviduct?

A

simple columnar epithelium

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37
Q

what is the type of epithelium that lines the gall bladder?

A

simple columnar epithelium

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38
Q

what is the type of epithelium that liens the trachea and other parts of the respiratory tract?

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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39
Q

what is the function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

secretion of mucus

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40
Q

what is the function of ciliated tissue?

A

move mucus

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41
Q

epithelia that consists of 2 or more layers of cells

A

stratified epithelium

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42
Q

what is the type of epithelia that serves mainly a protective function and is poorly suited for the functions of absorption and secretion?

A

stratified epithelium

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43
Q

what is the type of epithelia that lines the esophagus, mouth, and vagina? and what is its function?

A

stratified squamous epithelia
function- protects the organs from abrasion

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44
Q

what is the type of epithelia found in the sweat glands, salivary glands and mammary glands? what is its function?

A

stratified cuboidal epithelia
function- protect the tissue

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45
Q

what is the type of epithelia found in the male urethra and some ducts of small glands? what is its function?

A

stratified columnar
function- secretion and protection

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46
Q

what is the other name for transitional epithelium?

A

urothelium

47
Q

lines the urinary tract, extending from the kidneys to the proximal part of the urethra

A

transitional epithelium

48
Q

characterised by a superficial layer of large, dome-like rounded cells sometimes called Umbrella cells.

A

transitional epithelium

49
Q

allows the urinary organ to expand and stretch

A

transitional epithelium

50
Q

lining of vessels, serous lining of cavities, pericardium, pleura, peritonium (mesothelium)

A

simple squamous epithelium

51
Q

covers the ovary and thyroid

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

52
Q

found in the lining of intestine and gallbladder

A

simple columnar epithelium

53
Q

found in the lining of trachea, bronchi, and nasal cavity

A

pseudostratidied epithelium

54
Q

found in the epidermis

A

stratified squamous keritanized

55
Q

found in the mouth, esophagus, larynx, vagina, anal canal

A

stratified squamous non-keratinized

56
Q

found in the sweat glands, developing ovarian follicles

A

stratified cuboidal

57
Q

found in the bladder, ureter, renal calyces

A

stratified transitional

58
Q

found in conjunctiva

A

stratified columnar

59
Q

what are the 3 membrane specialisations of epithelia?

A
  1. intercellular surfaces (TAC)
  2. luminar surfaces
  3. basal surfaces
60
Q

what are the 3 types of intercellular surfaces?

A
  1. tight junctions
  2. adhering junctions
  3. communicating junctions
61
Q

what are the 4 types of luminar surfaces?

A
  1. microvilli
  2. cilia
  3. sterocilia
  4. goblet cells
62
Q

what are the 2 types of basal surfaces?

A
  1. basal membrane
  2. basal laminar
63
Q

what is the other name for tight junctions?

A

occlunding junctions

64
Q

Most apical & located immediately beneath the luminal surface of simple columnar epithelium.

A

tight junctions

65
Q

Forms circumferential band or zonule around the cell.

A

tight junctions

66
Q

Formed by interacting transmembrane proteins (Claudin & Occludin)

A

tight junctions

67
Q

what surrounds the apical ends of the cell and prevents the paracellular passage of substances (between the cells)?

A

the linear arrangements of interacting transmembrane proteins

68
Q

what is the other name for adhering junctions?

A

anchoring junctions

69
Q

Provide adhesion of one cell to its neighbor and act as an anchoring site for cytoskeleton of each cell

A

adhering junctions

70
Q

Formed by interacting proteins of family are points of strong attachment holding together cells of the epithelium.

A

adhering junctions

71
Q

Forms a continuous band (Zonula adherens) or small circular patches or spots (Desmosomes/Macula adherens)

A

adhering junctions

72
Q

Are intercellular contact areas containing hundreds of tiny pores which permit passage of small molecules between adjacent cells.

A

communication junctions

73
Q

Found in nearly all mammalian tissue except skeletal muscle.

A

communication junctions

74
Q

Elongated motile structures that project in parallel rows in the epithelial surfaces
of respiratory & reproductive tracts.

A

cilia

75
Q

Surrounded by the cell membrane and contain a central pair of microtubules.

A

cilia

76
Q

Symptoms of this disease are chronic respiratory infections caused by the lack of the cleansing action of cilia in the respiratory
tract & immotile spermatozoa, causing male infertility.

A

immotile cilia syndrome (Kartagener syndrome)

77
Q

Minute finger-like projections of the luminal plasma membrane

A

microvilli

78
Q

They are small membrane projections with cores of Actin filaments.

A

microvilli

79
Q

Found in epithelia specialized for absorption and is covered by filamentous coat, the Glycocalyx.

A

microvilli

80
Q

A disorder of the small intestine in which one of the 1st pathologic
changes is loss of the microvilli brush border of the absorptive
cells.

A

celiac disease aka GLUTEN-SENSITIVE ENTEROPATHY or SPRUE

81
Q

Extremely long non motile microvilli, found in epididymis.

A

stereocilia

82
Q

what is the function of stereocilia?

A

Increase surface area, facilitating the movement of molecules into & out of the cell.

83
Q

They are modified epithelial cells that secrete mucus on the surface of mucous membranes of organs.

A

goblet cells

84
Q

Found in the lower digestive tract & airways and are histologically, mucous merocrine exocrine glands.

A

goblet cells

85
Q

what is the basement membrane?

A

a thin extracellular layer of specialized proteins

86
Q

what are the two parts of the basement membrane?

A
  1. a basal lamina
  2. a more fibrous reticular laminar
87
Q

Interface between epithelia & underlying supporting tissue.

A

basement membrane

88
Q

a thin meshwork of type IV Collagen & Laminin produced by the epithelial cells.

A

the basal lamina

89
Q

Provides structural support for epithelia & constitute a selective barrier to the passage of materials.

A

the basal lamina

90
Q

what contains type III collagen & anchoring fibrils of VII collagen, all secreted by cells of the immediately adjacent CT.

A

the reticular lamina

91
Q

Invaginations of epithelial surface

A

glandular epithelium

92
Q

Discharging their secretions into the free surface via a
duct.

A

exocrine glands

93
Q

Ductless glands, secretory products known as hormones pass into the blood stream.

A

endocrine glands

94
Q

what is the function of the secretory portion of the exocrine gland?

A

contains the cells responsible for secretory process; & ducts, which transport the secretion to the exterior of the gland

95
Q

what are the two types of exocrine gland?

A
  1. simple glands
  2. compound glands
96
Q

glands with single, unbranched duct

A

simple glands

97
Q

glands with branched duct system

A

compound glands

98
Q

two types of secretory units found in the secretory portions of exocrine glands

A
  1. saclike acini (alveoli)
  2. elongated tubules
99
Q

3 glands that help in the discharge of secretory products from the cell

A
  1. merocrine gland
  2. apocrine gland
  3. holocrine gland
100
Q

the most common manner of secretion from the cell

A

merocrine gland

101
Q

The gland involves process of exocytosis and no part of the gland is lost or damaged.

A

merocrine gland

102
Q

protein is the major secretory product of this gland

A

merocrine gland

103
Q

the term used to specifically designate merocrine secretions from sweat glands

A

eccrine

104
Q

Secretory product is discharged
together with parts of the apical
cytoplasm.

A

apocrine glands

105
Q

Most glands are in the skin the armpit, the groin, & the area around the nipples of the breast.

A

apocrine glands

106
Q

what are some examples of apocrine glands?

A

Mammary glands & some
sweat glands in the skin & eyelids

107
Q

The product of secretion is shed with the whole cells with subsequent disintegration of the
cell to release the secretory product

A

holocrine gland

108
Q

what are some examples of holocrine glands?

A

Sebaceous gland & Meibomian
glands of the eyelids

109
Q

The ciliated pseudostratified epithelium lining the bronchi of smokers can also be transformed into stratified squamous epithelium in what process?

A

metaplasia

110
Q

glands that are the primary structure involved in the common form of acne, ACNE VULGARIS.

A

the holocrine sebaceous glands

111
Q

what are malignant tumors of epithelial origin called?

A

carcinomas

112
Q

what are malignant tumors derived from glandular epithelial
tissue

A

adenocarcinomas

113
Q

the vitamin deficiency that occurs when the epithelial tissues of the type found in the bronchi & urinary bladder are gradually
replaced by stratified squamous epithelium.

A

chronic vitamin A deficiency

Anatomy (3 decks)

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