Epithelia and Glands Flashcards
1
Q
tissue whose cells are bound tightly together structurally & functionally to form a sheetlike or tubular structure with little extracellular material between the cells
A
epithelial tissue
2
Q
cells in the epithelial have two sides. what are they?
A
apical side and basal side
3
Q
define apical side
A
side facing the sheet’s free surface
4
Q
define basal side
A
side facing a basement membrane and underlying connective tissue
5
Q
what are the three varieties of epithelial cell nuclei?
A
- elliptical (oval)
- spherical
- flattened
6
Q
a type of epithelial tissue that is derived from invagination and in growth of lining epithelia into underlying connective tissue
A
glands
7
Q
what is epithelial tissue derived from?
A
ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm
8
Q
epithelial tissue is supported by a __
A
basement membrane
9
Q
what are the functions of epithelial tissue?
A
- Serve as covering, lining, & protecting surfaces (Ex. Epidermis).
- Absorption (Intestinal lining) or transcytosis, pinocytosis of materials at the apical side & exocytosis.
- Secretion ( Parenchymal cells of glands).
10
Q
what are the three classification of epithelia based on number of cell layer?
A
- simple
- stratified
- transitional
11
Q
what are the three classification of epithelia based on the shape of the component cells?
A
- columnar
- cuboidal
- squamous
12
Q
what are the two classification of epithelia based on the presence of surface specialisations?
A
- cilia
- keratin
13
Q
what is the region of the epithelial cell in contact with the CT?
A
basal pole
14
Q
what is the the region of the epithelial cell at the opposite end of the CT usually facing a space?
A
apical pole
15
Q
what are the regions of cuboidal or columnar cells that adjoin neighbouring cells?
A
lateral surfaces
16
Q
what is the purpose of the numerous infolding in the cell membranes?
A
to increase the area of the surface, increasing its functional capacity
17
Q
what are the five types of simple epithelium?
A
- simple squamous
- simple cuboidal
- simple columnar
- simple columnar ciliated
- pseudo-stratified columnar ciliated
18
Q
single layer of epithelia whose function is selective diffusion, absorption and secretion?
A
simple epithelium
19
Q
type of epithelia that varies from flattened to tall columnar
A
simple epithelium
20
Q
type of epithelia that may exhibit variety of surface specialisation
A
simple epithelia
21
Q
what are the surface specialisations on simple epithelia?
A
microvilli and cilia
22
Q
Found in the air sacs (alveoli), lining of the blood vessels & lymphatics.
A
simple squamous epithelium
23
Q
what is the type of epithelia that allows material to pass through by diffusion and filtration?
A
simple squamous epithelium
24
Q
what is the type of epithelia that secretes and lubricates substances?
A
simple squamous epithelium
25
what is the type of epithelia that lines the thin loops of henle?
simple squamous epithelium
26
what is the type of epithelium that covers the outer wall of the intestine?
simple squamous epithelium
27
what is the type of epithelium that lines the inner surface of the cornea?
simple squamous epithelium
28
what is the type of epithelium found in the ducts s and secretory potions of small glands in the renal tubules?
simple cuboidal epithelium
29
epithelia whose function is absorption and secretion
simple cuboidal epithelium
30
what is the type of epithelia found in the renal collecting tubule?
simple cuboidal epithelium
31
what is the type of epithelium found in the thyroid follicles
simple cuboidal epithelium
32
what is the type of epithelium found in the thick mesothelium of an ovary?
simple cuboidal epithelium
33
the type of epithelia whose function is absorption and secretion of mucus and enzymes
simple columnar epithelium
34
where are simple columnar ciliated epithelial tissues found?
in the bronchus, uterine tubes and uterus
35
what is the type of epithelium found in the renal collecting duct?
simple columnar epithelium
36
what is the type of epithelium found in the lining of the oviduct?
simple columnar epithelium
37
what is the type of epithelium that lines the gall bladder?
simple columnar epithelium
38
what is the type of epithelium that liens the trachea and other parts of the respiratory tract?
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
39
what is the function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
secretion of mucus
40
what is the function of ciliated tissue?
move mucus
41
epithelia that consists of 2 or more layers of cells
stratified epithelium
42
what is the type of epithelia that serves mainly a protective function and is poorly suited for the functions of absorption and secretion?
stratified epithelium
43
what is the type of epithelia that lines the esophagus, mouth, and vagina? and what is its function?
stratified squamous epithelia
function- protects the organs from abrasion
44
what is the type of epithelia found in the sweat glands, salivary glands and mammary glands? what is its function?
stratified cuboidal epithelia
function- protect the tissue
45
what is the type of epithelia found in the male urethra and some ducts of small glands? what is its function?
stratified columnar
function- secretion and protection
46
what is the other name for transitional epithelium?
urothelium
47
lines the urinary tract, extending from the kidneys to the proximal part of the urethra
transitional epithelium
48
characterised by a superficial layer of large, dome-like rounded cells sometimes called Umbrella cells.
transitional epithelium
49
allows the urinary organ to expand and stretch
transitional epithelium
50
lining of vessels, serous lining of cavities, pericardium, pleura, peritonium (mesothelium)
simple squamous epithelium
51
covers the ovary and thyroid
simple cuboidal epithelium
52
found in the lining of intestine and gallbladder
simple columnar epithelium
53
found in the lining of trachea, bronchi, and nasal cavity
pseudostratidied epithelium
54
found in the epidermis
stratified squamous keritanized
55
found in the mouth, esophagus, larynx, vagina, anal canal
stratified squamous non-keratinized
56
found in the sweat glands, developing ovarian follicles
stratified cuboidal
57
found in the bladder, ureter, renal calyces
stratified transitional
58
found in conjunctiva
stratified columnar
59
what are the 3 membrane specialisations of epithelia?
1. intercellular surfaces (TAC)
2. luminar surfaces
3. basal surfaces
60
what are the 3 types of intercellular surfaces?
1. tight junctions
2. adhering junctions
3. communicating junctions
61
what are the 4 types of luminar surfaces?
1. microvilli
2. cilia
3. sterocilia
4. goblet cells
62
what are the 2 types of basal surfaces?
1. basal membrane
2. basal laminar
63
what is the other name for tight junctions?
occlunding junctions
64
Most apical & located immediately beneath the luminal surface of simple columnar epithelium.
tight junctions
65
Forms circumferential band or zonule around the cell.
tight junctions
66
Formed by interacting transmembrane proteins (Claudin & Occludin)
tight junctions
67
what surrounds the apical ends of the cell and prevents the paracellular passage of substances (between the cells)?
the linear arrangements of interacting transmembrane proteins
68
what is the other name for adhering junctions?
anchoring junctions
69
Provide adhesion of one cell to its neighbor and act as an anchoring site for cytoskeleton of each cell
adhering junctions
70
Formed by interacting proteins of family are points of strong attachment holding together cells of the epithelium.
adhering junctions
71
Forms a continuous band (Zonula adherens) or small circular patches or spots (Desmosomes/Macula adherens)
adhering junctions
72
Are intercellular contact areas containing hundreds of tiny pores which permit passage of small molecules between adjacent cells.
communication junctions
73
Found in nearly all mammalian tissue except skeletal muscle.
communication junctions
74
Elongated motile structures that project in parallel rows in the epithelial surfaces
of respiratory & reproductive tracts.
cilia
75
Surrounded by the cell membrane and contain a central pair of microtubules.
cilia
76
Symptoms of this disease are chronic respiratory infections caused by the lack of the cleansing action of cilia in the respiratory
tract & immotile spermatozoa, causing male infertility.
immotile cilia syndrome (Kartagener syndrome)
77
Minute finger-like projections of the luminal plasma membrane
microvilli
78
They are small membrane projections with cores of Actin filaments.
microvilli
79
Found in epithelia specialized for absorption and is covered by filamentous coat, the Glycocalyx.
microvilli
80
A disorder of the small intestine in which one of the 1st pathologic
changes is loss of the microvilli brush border of the absorptive
cells.
celiac disease aka GLUTEN-SENSITIVE ENTEROPATHY or SPRUE
81
Extremely long non motile microvilli, found in epididymis.
stereocilia
82
what is the function of stereocilia?
Increase surface area, facilitating the movement of molecules into & out of the cell.
83
They are modified epithelial cells that secrete mucus on the surface of mucous membranes of organs.
goblet cells
84
Found in the lower digestive tract & airways and are histologically, mucous merocrine exocrine glands.
goblet cells
85
what is the basement membrane?
a thin extracellular layer of specialized proteins
86
what are the two parts of the basement membrane?
1. a basal lamina
2. a more fibrous reticular laminar
87
Interface between epithelia & underlying supporting tissue.
basement membrane
88
a thin meshwork of type IV Collagen & Laminin produced by the epithelial cells.
the basal lamina
89
Provides structural support for epithelia & constitute a selective barrier to the passage of materials.
the basal lamina
90
what contains type III collagen & anchoring fibrils of VII collagen, all secreted by cells of the immediately adjacent CT.
the reticular lamina
91
Invaginations of epithelial surface
glandular epithelium
92
Discharging their secretions into the free surface via a
duct.
exocrine glands
93
Ductless glands, secretory products known as hormones pass into the blood stream.
endocrine glands
94
what is the function of the secretory portion of the exocrine gland?
contains the cells responsible for secretory process; & ducts, which transport the secretion to the exterior of the gland
95
what are the two types of exocrine gland?
1. simple glands
2. compound glands
96
glands with single, unbranched duct
simple glands
97
glands with branched duct system
compound glands
98
two types of secretory units found in the secretory portions of exocrine glands
1. saclike acini (alveoli)
2. elongated tubules
99
3 glands that help in the discharge of secretory products from the cell
1. merocrine gland
2. apocrine gland
3. holocrine gland
100
the most common manner of secretion from the cell
merocrine gland
101
The gland involves process of exocytosis and no part of the gland is lost or damaged.
merocrine gland
102
protein is the major secretory product of this gland
merocrine gland
103
the term used to specifically designate merocrine secretions from sweat glands
eccrine
104
Secretory product is discharged
together with parts of the apical
cytoplasm.
apocrine glands
105
Most glands are in the skin the armpit, the groin, & the area around the nipples of the breast.
apocrine glands
106
what are some examples of apocrine glands?
Mammary glands & some
sweat glands in the skin & eyelids
107
The product of secretion is shed with the whole cells with subsequent disintegration of the
cell to release the secretory product
holocrine gland
108
what are some examples of holocrine glands?
Sebaceous gland & Meibomian
glands of the eyelids
109
The ciliated pseudostratified epithelium lining the bronchi of smokers can also be transformed into stratified squamous epithelium in what process?
metaplasia
110
glands that are the primary structure involved in the common form of acne, ACNE VULGARIS.
the holocrine sebaceous glands
111
what are malignant tumors of epithelial origin called?
carcinomas
112
what are malignant tumors derived from glandular epithelial
tissue
adenocarcinomas
113
the vitamin deficiency that occurs when the epithelial tissues of the type found in the bronchi & urinary bladder are gradually
replaced by stratified squamous epithelium.
chronic vitamin A deficiency
