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PHIL 1301 > Epistemology Exam Review > Flashcards

Epistemology Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

Something known as a result of experience

A

A Posteriori

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2
Q

Something that is known prior to, or without, necessary experience

A

A Priori

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3
Q

The way something seems to us through our senses

A

Appearance

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4
Q

The view that our experiences (our sensations and ideas) are the effects of physical objects acting upon our sense organs

A

Casual Theory of Perception

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5
Q

The relation of cause and effect, one event bringing about another according to natural law

A

Causation

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6
Q

That which brings something about

A

Cause

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7
Q

“I think, therefore I am”

A

Cogito Ergo Sum

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8
Q

That which is brought about

A

Effect

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9
Q

The philosophy that demands that all knowledge, except for certain logical truths and principles of mathematics, comes from experience

A

Empiricism

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10
Q

What is reasonable?

The study of human knowledge, its nature, its sources, its justification

A

Epistemology

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11
Q

Our immediate perception of an object

A

Idea

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12
Q

The metaphysical view that only minds and their ideas exist

A

Idealism

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13
Q

Hume’s word for sensations or sensed-data, that which is given to the mind through the senses

A

Impressions

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14
Q

Literally, ideas that are “born into the mind”; knowledge that is “programmed” into us from birth and need not be learned

A

Innate Ideas

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15
Q

Immediate knowledge of the truth without the aid of any reasoning and without appeal to experience

A

Intuition

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16
Q

An attempt to defend a position or an act, to show that it is correct (or at least reasonable)

A

Justification

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17
Q

A kind of knowledge, sense experience

A

Perception

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18
Q

One of the 7 functions of the mind

storing information

A

Memory

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19
Q

Required (impossible to not be)

A

Necessary Condition

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20
Q

Objects available to mathematics

- quantity, shape, time, magnitude

A

Primary Qualities (Descartes)

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21
Q

What we have called attribute (redness, roundness etc.)

A

Quality

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22
Q

The philosophy that is characterized by its confidence in reason, and intuition in particular, to know reality independently of experience

A

Rationalism

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23
Q

Objects available to the senses

- heat, color, odor, taste, & sound

A

Secondary Qualities (Descartes)

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24
Q

Data provided by the senses

A

Sensation

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25
Q

A philosophical belief that knowledge is not possible, that doubt will not be overcome by any valid arguments

A

Skepticism

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26
Q

Both form and matter

“we know not what.”

A

Substance

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27
Q

It is the doctrine that there are no material substances, no physical objects, only minds and ideas in mind

A

Subjective Idealism

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28
Q

Guarantees

A

Sufficient Condition

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29
Q

The mind starts as a blank slate

A

Tabula Rasa

30
Q

Form/universals and matter/particulars

A

Plato

31
Q

Please Don’t Look Back Here, Karen

A

Plato — Descartes — Locke — Berkeley / Hume — Kant

32
Q

What are the two relationships between Metaphysics and Epistemology?

A
  • Epistemology functions as a test for Metaphysical views

- Epistemology is the natural result of the metaphysical inquiry of the Ancients & Medievals

33
Q
  • Normative
  • Naturalistic
  • Scepticism
  • Virtue epistemology
A

The Four General Approaches to Explaining the Differences between Knowledge and “True Belief”

34
Q

This answers: foundationalism and coherentism

A

Normative

35
Q

This answers: causes of belief

A

Naturalistic

36
Q

This investigates the apparent inability for us to know

A

Scepticism

37
Q

This investigates the proper approach and function of the human mind

A

Virtue Epistemology

38
Q
  • Reason is the primary or most superior source of knowledge about reality
  • Sense experience is an unreliable and inadequate route to knowledge
  • The fundamental truths about the world can be known a priori: they are either innate or self-evident to our minds
  • Knowledge is possible
  • Only through reason can knowledge be obtained
  • Beliefs based on reason represent reality
A

Common Points of Rationalism

39
Q

Reason is the primary or more superior source of

A

knowledge about reality

40
Q

Sense experience is an unreliable and inadequate

A

route to knowledge

41
Q

The fundamental truths about the world can be known a priori:

A

They are either innate or self-evident to our minds

42
Q

Knowledge is

A

possible

43
Q

Only through reason can

A

knowledge be obtained

44
Q

Beliefs based on reason represent

A

reality

45
Q
  • The only source of genuine knowledge is sense experience
  • Reason is an unreliable and inadequate route to knowledge unless it is grounded in sense experience
  • There is no evidence of innate ideas within the mind that are known apart from experience
A

Common Points of Empiricism

46
Q

The only source of genuine knowledge is

A

sense experience

47
Q

Reason is an unreliable and inadequate route to knowledge unless

A

it is grounded in sense experience

48
Q

There is no evidence of innate ideas within the mind that are

A

known apart from experience

49
Q

Minds and bodies

A

Rene Descartes

50
Q

Idealism

Reality is ideas

A

George Berkeley

51
Q

Empiricism

Reality is bodies in motion

A

David Hume

52
Q

Noumenal and Phenomenal

A

Immanuel Kant

53
Q

Rationalists emphasize

A

intuition

54
Q

Empiricists emphasize

A

experience

55
Q

The mark of the Cogito is

A

its clarity and distinctness

56
Q

Properties of the objects themselves which are qualities inherent in the objects

Solidity, extension, shape, motion, rest, and number

A

Primary Qualities (Locke)

57
Q

Properties that affect our sense organs but don’t exist independently of the objects

Color, texture etc.

A

Secondary Qualities (Locke)

58
Q

According to Locke, our minds begins as a

A

blank slate

59
Q

According to Locke, all knowledge comes from

A

experience

60
Q
  • Sensation
  • Ideas
  • Quality
A

Locke’s Categories of Mental Content

61
Q

Esse Est Percipi

A

To be is to be perceived

62
Q

What Berkeley meant by “to be is to be perceived” is

A

Subjective Idealism (Berkeley)

63
Q

What does Hume take to be the central idea of all reasoning?

A

Causation (Hume)

64
Q

Hume’s fork is the idea that for it to be justified it must be either

A

A “relation of ideas” or a “matter of fact”

65
Q

Hume’s fork demonstrates that

A

there is no path between relation of ideas and matter of fact

66
Q

Kant’s central thesis and solution to Hume’s fork was

A

the defense of what he called “synthetic a priori” judgements and their moral and religious equivalents by showing their necessity for all human experience

67
Q

Hume and Berkeley believed that

A

there are no substances

68
Q

For Descartes, clear and distinct propositions are the criteria for

A

Knowledge

69
Q

Empiricism asserts

A

all knowledge comes from experience

70
Q

The expression “I think, therefore I am” is coined by

A

Descartes

71
Q

Justified true belief defines

A

Epistemology

PHIL 1301 (3 decks)

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