Episode 7- Blood Groups, Blood Typing & Cross-Matching and Transfusion

Question 1

Classification of blood based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of the RBCs is called?

Answer 1

Blood type (blood group)

Question 2

The most important blood group systems in transfusion medicine are:

Answer 2

ABO & Rhesus (Rh)

Question 3

Is the ABO system protein based or sugar based?

Answer 3

Sugar based

Question 4

The ABO genes follow what genetic inheritance manner?

Answer 4

Mendelian… Good old Gregor

Question 5

What is more complex the ABO or Rhesus blood group systems?

Answer 5

Rhesus

Question 6

What are the 5 common Rh antigens?

Answer 6

D, C, c, E & e

Question 7

Rh+ is indicative of individuals who are:

Answer 7

Rh D+

Question 8

Rh- is indicative of individuals who are:

Answer 8

Rh D-

Question 9

Universal donor

Answer 9

O-

Question 10

Universal recipient

Answer 10

AB+

Question 11

What is the Kell (K) blood group?

Answer 11

Kell antigens are peptides that are highly immunogenic (less than Rh). Individuals are K+ or K-

Question 12

What is the Duffy (Fy) blood group?

Answer 12

Two main antigens (Fya & Fyb). Individuals can be: 1. Fy(a+b+) 2. Fy(a+b-) 3. Fy(a-b+) 4. Fy(a-b-)

Question 13

What is the Lewis blood group?

Answer 13

Two types of Lewis antigens (Lewis a & Lewis b). Individuals can be: 1. Lewis(a+b+) 2. Lewis(a+b-) 3. Lewis(a-b+) 4. Lewis(a-b-)

Question 14

Originally, blood transfusion was?

Answer 14

Whole anti-coagulated blood transfusion

Question 15

Today, blood transfusion is?

Answer 15

Processed & separated blood to produce the necessary components required by patient: RBC, WBC, Platelets, Fresh frozen plasma, heat-treated plasma

Question 16

What is a hemolytic transfusion reaction?

Answer 16

Caused by antigen-antibody reaction resulting in sever or fatal intravascular hemolysis (concurrent with kidney failure). Due to an incompatible blood transfusion

Question 17

What is a non-hemolytic transfusion reaction?

Answer 17

Caused by damaged blood products that release high levels of cytokines leading to fever and chills. Usually benign.

Question 18

What is an allergic transfusion reaction?

Answer 18

Leads to rashes and itching. Usually benign.

Question 19

What is a “Due to volume overload” transfusion reaction?

Answer 19

Can cause pulmonary edema. Outcome depends on other conditions.

Question 20

What is a “Transfer of bacteria” transfusion reaction?

Answer 20

Leads to endotoxemia (as a result of free bacterial toxins) and septicemia. Potentially fatal.

Question 21

What tests are used in transfusion medicine?

Answer 21

Blood typing (ABO & Rh) Antibody screen Cross-match Designed to ensure compatibility with donor and recipient

Question 22

What is hemolytic disease of newborn (HDN)?

Answer 22

1. Mom is Rh-, Dad is Rh+. 2. Baby 1 is Rh+ 3. During birth (or miscarriage), placental tearing exposes Rh+ blood to Mom. 4. Mom becomes SENSITIZED and produces antibodies against Rh+. 5. Baby 2 is Rh+ 6. Anti-Rh antibodies pass through placenta. 7. Anti-Rh antibodies agglutinate and hemolyze fetal blood. 6. Baby 2 is born with HDN or severe anemia.

Question 23

How do you treat Rh- mothers?

Answer 23

An Rh immune globulin (RhoGAM or Gamulin) during pregnancy. The Rh immune globulin binds fetal RBC agglutinogens so that they cannot stimulate Mom’s immune system. *HDN is easier to PREVENT than to treat*

Question 24

What is the most common blood type in the US?

Answer 24

Question 25

What blood types can receive blood from who?

Answer 25

Question 26

What antigens and antibodies are present in:

Type A

Type B

Type AB

Type O

Answer 26