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Neurology > Epilepsy > Flashcards

Epilepsy Flashcards

1
Q

what is the etiology of most epilepsy?

A

unknown

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2
Q

what is the most common location of focal epilepsy?

A

temporal lobe epilepsy

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3
Q

tumors/lesions that are present throughout the body that are recurrent and will be replaced if removed

A

tuberous sclerosis (TS)

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4
Q

limited to one side of the cerebral hemisphere or one area, and the patient is aware of the seizure

A

focal epilepsy

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5
Q

what is the most common type of epilepsy?

A

focal epilepsy

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6
Q

distributed on both hemispheres of the brain

A

generalized epilepsy

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7
Q

stage of seizure that is a warning, hours to days, and is not part of the seizure

A

prodrome

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8
Q

stage of seizure that is within seconds to minutes, part of the seizure, and can show EEG changes

A

aura

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9
Q

period after the seizure when the patient has headaches, disorientation, confusions, and tiredness

A

post-ictal

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10
Q

what are 4 DDx of focal seizures?

A

TIAs
migraine auras
rage/anger attacks
panic attacks

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11
Q

what are 3 DDx of generalized seizures?

A

syncope
drug/alcohol withdrawal
psychogenic non-epileptic spells (PNES)

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12
Q

resembles seizures but is extremely prolonged, asynchronous thrashing of limbs that worsens with restraints, shouting and cussing, and occurs without prodrome, aura, or post-ictal

A

psychogenic non-epileptic spells (PNES)

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13
Q

what is the diagnostic for psychogenic non-epileptic spells (PNES)?

A

video EEG monitoring

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14
Q

what is the treatment for psychogenic non-epileptic spells (PNES)?

A

CBT
adjustment to antiepileptic drugs

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15
Q

what is the gold standard diagnostic for epilepsy?

A

EEG - shows the electrical activity of the brain

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16
Q

what imaging can be used in a patient with epilepsy and history of trauma?

A

CT head

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17
Q

what is the diagnostic imaging of choice for epilepsy?

A

3T MRI

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18
Q

focal epilepsy that lasts 1-2 mins, no aura, +/- post-ictal

A

complex partial

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19
Q

what is a focal epilepsy in which awareness is maintained?

A

simple partial

20
Q

what is a focal epilepsy in which the patient has impaired awareness?

A

complex partial

21
Q

non-purposeful, inappropriate, repetitive movements or behaviors

A

automatism

22
Q

epilepsy that originated on one side of the brain and spreads to the other side

A

focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizure

23
Q

in generalized epilepsy, the patient has complete loss of what?

A

awareness/consciousness

24
Q

generalized non motor seizure that is staring spells for few seconds, no aura, patient is unaware of seizure, and has immediate recovery

A

typical absence (petit mal)

25
Q

what is the classical EEG finding in typical absence seizure (generalized)?

A

3 Hz spike and wave

26
Q

what triggers generalized, non motor (typical absence/petit mal)?

A

hyperventilation

27
Q

tonic phase of 1 min + clonic phase for 2-3 mins that is a generalized motor epilepsy

A

tonic-clonic seizures

28
Q

in which type of seizure does post-ictal (slow return of awareness and consciousness with soreness and sleep) return?

A

tonic-clonic seizures

29
Q

when should treatment be initiated?

A

after 2 or more unprovoked seizures

30
Q

what is the most common cause of drug failure?

A

wrong diagnosis leading to wrong drug

31
Q

when is epilepsy considered medically refractory and must be referred to surgery?

A

if patient fails 2 correct drugs

32
Q

what are the first line drugs for focal seizures? (3)

A

Carbamazepine
Oxacarbazepine
Lamotrigine

33
Q

what are the 1st line drugs for generalized seizures? (3)

A

Valproate-Depakote
Lacosamide
Levetiracetam

34
Q

what is the 1st line drug for absence seizures?

A

ethosuximide

35
Q

what are 4 drugs used in pregnancy?

A

Carbamazepine
Oxcarbazepine
Lamotrigine
Levetiracetam

36
Q

what should all pregnant women with epilepsy do? (2)

A

take folic acid
register with epileptic foundation

37
Q

what drug should be avoided in pregnancy?

A

valproate

38
Q

what is the most common cause of status epilepticus?

A

non-compliance

39
Q

when can AEDs be d/c? (2)

A

seizure free
patient has normal EEG + MRI

40
Q

what treatment is recommended for refractory focal seizures?

A

brain surgery

41
Q

seizure lasting over 5 mins OR repeated seizures over 30 mins OR recurrent seizures so close together that the person cannot recover

A

convulsive status epilepticus

42
Q

what is the treatment for convulsive status epilepticus?

A

IV lorazepam/ativan

43
Q

electrical shutdown of the brain resulting in changes in heart function and breathing; is linked to generalized tonic-clonic seizures

A

sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP)

44
Q

what is the treatment for SUDEP?

A

like status epilepticus (IV lorazepam/ativan)

45
Q

what is the treatment for alcohol/withdrawal seizures?

A

diazepam or lorazepam

Neurology (22 decks)

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