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Behavioral Neuroscience and Pharmacology > epilepsy > Flashcards

epilepsy Flashcards

1
Q

how many people does epilepsy affect world wide

A

50 million

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2
Q

currently used anti convulsant drugs used to treat epilepsy target what channels

A

voltage gated ion channels (Na, Ca2+, and K+

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3
Q

what receptors can the anticonvulsant drugs target

A

GABAa, and glutamate receptors

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4
Q

the receptors can also target synaptic vesicle __, and carbonic _______

A

synaptic vesicle 2A
carbonic anhydrase

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5
Q

what are all the targets for anticonvulsant drugs

A

voltage gated ion channels (Na, Ca, K)
GABAa and glutamate receptors
synaptic vesicle 2A
carbonic anhydrase

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6
Q

anti convulsant drugs can have a single target while others have _______ targets to control seizure episodes

A

multiple

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7
Q

anticonvulsant which act via ________ or have ________ _________ of action have a broad spectrum and provide the best control for drug-resistant epilepsies

A

anticonvulsant drugs which act via multiple mechanisms or have pharmacological mechanisms of action have a broad spectrum and provide the best control for drug resistant epilepsies.

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8
Q

how can epilepsy be characterised

A

a group of CNA disorders in which recurrent seizures occur due to chronic underlying processes, affecting motor, sensory and autonomic outputs

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9
Q

seizures are _______(sudden and current) events due to abnormal or excessive, synchronous discharges from a population of CNS neurones

A

paroxysmal

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10
Q

seizures are paroxysmal (sudden and recurrent) events due to abnormal, excessive, synchronous discharges from a population of _____

A

CNS neurons

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11
Q

how can the origin of a seizure be mapped

A

electrophysiologically

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12
Q

the origin of a seizure can sometimes be mapped electrophysiologically to a focus of …..

A

origin within the brain

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13
Q

primary or idiopathic epilepsy cannot be ascribed to a ….

A

particular cause or incident

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14
Q

secondary or symptomatic epilepsy is associated with what

A

trauma, neoplasm, infection, developmental abnormalities or cerebrovascular disease

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15
Q

what are some exampled of primary or idiopathic epilepsy

A

benign neonatal convulsions, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy

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16
Q

what are some exampled of secondary or symptomatic epilepsy

A

lennox-Gastuat syndrome
west syndrome

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17
Q

epilepsy are classified on the basis of their …..

A

aetiology (cause)

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18
Q

what are the types of epilepsy that are defined by their cause

A

idiopathic
symptomatic

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19
Q

epilepsies can also be broadly classified in two major categories based on the locus of epileptiform activity in the brain, what are these two classes

A

generalised epilepsy
focal epilepsy

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20
Q

what does EEG stand for

A

electroencephalogram

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21
Q

what is an electroencephalogram used for

A

records brain waves through the scalp/skull
detects rhythms/spikes
used in diagnostic epilepsy

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22
Q

what is used as a diagnostic tool in epilepsy that records brain waves and detects rhythms through the skull

A

electroencephalogram (EEG)

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23
Q

where in the brain does a partial seizure take place

A

left parietal posterior temporal

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24
Q

what are the different types of partial seizures (focal/local)

A

simple partial seizures
complex partial seizures
partial seizures secondary generalised

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25
what other terms can partial seizures be known as
focal/local seizures
26
how many subtypes of partial seizures are there
3
27
how can a simple partial seizure be characterised
no impairment of consciousness can be confined to a single limb or a muscle group
28
how can a complex partial seizure be classified
confusion, stumbling, and falling. consciousness impaired with automatisms (unconscious movement that may resemble simple repetitive tics)
29
in complex partial seizures, automatisms occur, what does this mean
unconscious movement that may resemble simple repetitive tics
30
how can partial seizures secondary generalised be characterised
partial seizure immediately preceding a GTC seizure
31
an EEG recording of a general seizure reveals the pattern of electrical activity recruited during a generalised seizure. Has a characteristic _-_ (numbers) Hz spike and wave discharge which is a feature of a subtype of generalised epilepsy called ___________ seizures
2-3Hz absence seizures
32
in a Generalised tonic clonic seizure (GTC-grand mal) what does clonic mean
sustained rhythmical jerking
33
in a generalised tonic clonic seizure (grand mal) what does tonic mean
stiffening
34
what occurs in a generalised tonic clonic seizure (grand mal) ?
during the clonic phase relaxations become longer - massive jerking of the body
35
what is another name for generalised tonic clonic seizure
grand mal
36
what is another name for an absence seizure
petit mal
37
how long does an absence seizure last (petit mal)
10-45 seconds
38
how many absence seizures can an individual have a day (petit mal)
mabe 100 a day
39
what is the state of consciousness in an individual with an absence seizure (petit mal)
consciousness altered
40
describe an absence seizure
10-45 seconds (maybe 100 a day) mild clonic spasms may occur (jerking) automatisms can confuse diagnosis with complex partial seizures (unconscious movement that may resemble simple repetitive tics) start in child hood - patients often suffer mental retardation
41
when do absence seizures typically begin
in childhood
42
why can absence seizures be mistaken for partial seizures
presence of automatisms
43
patients that suffer with absence seizures often have what
mental retardation
44
myoclonic seizures have multiple what in an EEG and how can the clonic seizures in an EEG be described
multiple spikes rhythmic series of clonic seizures
45
what occurs in an atonic seizure
sudden loss of posture leading to collapse
46
what is an infantile spasm
a syndrome with bilateral attacks of brief recurrent myoclonic jerks 90% of patients have attacks before 1 years of age - mental retardation common
47
an individual with infantile spasms has bilateral attacks of what
brief current myoclonic jerks
48
90% of patients with infantile spams have attacks before they are how old
1 year of age
49
what is common in infantile spasms
mental retardation
50
how many subtypes of generalised seizures are there
5
51
what is there no evidence of in a generalised seizure
no evidence of locus
52
what are the 5 subtypes of generalised seizures
Generalised tonic clonic (grand mal) Absence (petit mal) myoclonic atonic infantile spasms
53
what is the term given to continuous or repetitive seizures lasting 30 mins or more
status epilepticus
54
what is status epilepticus
the term given to continuous or repetitive seizures lasting 30 mins or more
55
inadequate treatment of status epilepticus can result in what
brain damage or death
56
what can status epilepticus be caused by
patient non compliance or in patients medication suffering from fever or systemic infection, which could lower serum drug concentrations
57
list some conditions that can also cause status epilepticus
hypoxia encephalitis meningitis subarachnoid hemorrhage metabolic encephalopathy
58
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF EPILEPSY initiation of seizures involves:
high frequency of bursts of action potentials hypersynchronization
59
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF EPILEPSY mechanisms for recruitment of surrounding neurons involves:
increase in intracellular K+ depolarises neighboring neurons accumulation of Ca in presynaptic terminals resulting in enhanced transmitter release depolarisation induced by activation of glutamate (NMDA) receptors resulting in Ca2+ influx
60
sudden withdrawal of what can cause status epilepticus
sudden withdrawal of sedatives such as barbiturates, benzodiazepines or alcohol can also precipitate status epilepticus
61
EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF EPILEPSY describe the maximal electric shock test
models for partial seizures and tonic clonic seizures in humans
62
EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF EPILEPSY maximal electric shock test is a model for partial seizures and tonic-clonic seizures in humans. What drug is administered for approx 14 days
pilocarpine (muscarinic receptor agonist)
63
EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF EPILEPSY maximal electric shock test: model for partial seziures and tonic-clonic seizures in humans. Pilocarpine is administered for approx 14 days. what is pilocarpine
muscarinic receptor agonist
64
EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF EPILEPSY maximal electric shock test: model for partial seizures and tonic-clonic seizures in humans. Also, pilocarpine (muscarinic receptor agonist) administered for ~ 14 days. Can be ameliorated (symptoms made better) by what drugs
phenytoin, carbamazepine, and lamotrigine
65
EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF EPILEPSY pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced clonic seizures (GABAa receptor antagonist) is a model for what seizures
generalised especially absence seizures
66
EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF EPILEPSY Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) induced clonic seizures (GABAa receptor antagonist), Model for generalised seizures especially absence seizures. Ameliorated by what
ethosuximide and valproate
67
EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF EPILEPSY PENTYLENETETRAZOL (PTZ) induced clonic seizures (GABAa receptor antagonist) ameliorated by ethosuximide and valproate (can be exacerbated by what
phenytoin and carbamazepine
68
EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF EPILEPSY lethargic, star gazer, or tottering mutant mice (disruption of what genes)
VDCC
69
EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF EPILEPSY lethargic, star-gazer, or tottering mutant mice (disruption in VDCC genes): models for what seizures
model for generalised seizures
70
EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF EPILEPSY minimal metrazol induced seizures in rate are thought to model myoclonic seizures in
humans
71
EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF EPILEPSY minimal ______ induuced seizures in rats are thought to model myoclonic seizres in humans
metrazol
72
EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF EPILEPSY minimal metrazol induced seizures in rats are thought to model ______ seizures in humans
myoclonic
73
EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF EPILEPSY electrical kindling: model for complex _____ seizures
partial
74
electrical kindling: model for complex partial seizures. Repeated focal __________ ______________
electrical stimulation

Behavioral Neuroscience and Pharmacology (6 decks)

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