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Behavioral Neuroscience and Pharmacology > epilepsy > Flashcards

epilepsy Flashcards

1
Q

how many people does epilepsy affect world wide

A

50 million

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2
Q

currently used anti convulsant drugs used to treat epilepsy target what channels

A

voltage gated ion channels (Na, Ca2+, and K+

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3
Q

what receptors can the anticonvulsant drugs target

A

GABAa, and glutamate receptors

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4
Q

the receptors can also target synaptic vesicle __, and carbonic _______

A

synaptic vesicle 2A
carbonic anhydrase

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5
Q

what are all the targets for anticonvulsant drugs

A

voltage gated ion channels (Na, Ca, K)
GABAa and glutamate receptors
synaptic vesicle 2A
carbonic anhydrase

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6
Q

anti convulsant drugs can have a single target while others have _______ targets to control seizure episodes

A

multiple

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7
Q

anticonvulsant which act via ________ or have ________ _________ of action have a broad spectrum and provide the best control for drug-resistant epilepsies

A

anticonvulsant drugs which act via multiple mechanisms or have pharmacological mechanisms of action have a broad spectrum and provide the best control for drug resistant epilepsies.

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8
Q

how can epilepsy be characterised

A

a group of CNA disorders in which recurrent seizures occur due to chronic underlying processes, affecting motor, sensory and autonomic outputs

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9
Q

seizures are _______(sudden and current) events due to abnormal or excessive, synchronous discharges from a population of CNS neurones

A

paroxysmal

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10
Q

seizures are paroxysmal (sudden and recurrent) events due to abnormal, excessive, synchronous discharges from a population of _____

A

CNS neurons

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11
Q

how can the origin of a seizure be mapped

A

electrophysiologically

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12
Q

the origin of a seizure can sometimes be mapped electrophysiologically to a focus of …..

A

origin within the brain

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13
Q

primary or idiopathic epilepsy cannot be ascribed to a ….

A

particular cause or incident

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14
Q

secondary or symptomatic epilepsy is associated with what

A

trauma, neoplasm, infection, developmental abnormalities or cerebrovascular disease

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15
Q

what are some exampled of primary or idiopathic epilepsy

A

benign neonatal convulsions, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy

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16
Q

what are some exampled of secondary or symptomatic epilepsy

A

lennox-Gastuat syndrome
west syndrome

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17
Q

epilepsy are classified on the basis of their …..

A

aetiology (cause)

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18
Q

what are the types of epilepsy that are defined by their cause

A

idiopathic
symptomatic

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19
Q

epilepsies can also be broadly classified in two major categories based on the locus of epileptiform activity in the brain, what are these two classes

A

generalised epilepsy
focal epilepsy

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20
Q

what does EEG stand for

A

electroencephalogram

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21
Q

what is an electroencephalogram used for

A

records brain waves through the scalp/skull
detects rhythms/spikes
used in diagnostic epilepsy

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22
Q

what is used as a diagnostic tool in epilepsy that records brain waves and detects rhythms through the skull

A

electroencephalogram (EEG)

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23
Q

where in the brain does a partial seizure take place

A

left parietal posterior temporal

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24
Q

what are the different types of partial seizures (focal/local)

A

simple partial seizures
complex partial seizures
partial seizures secondary generalised

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25
Q

what other terms can partial seizures be known as

A

focal/local seizures

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26
Q

how many subtypes of partial seizures are there

A

3

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27
Q

how can a simple partial seizure be characterised

A

no impairment of consciousness
can be confined to a single limb or a muscle group

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28
Q

how can a complex partial seizure be classified

A

confusion, stumbling, and falling.
consciousness impaired with automatisms (unconscious movement that may resemble simple repetitive tics)

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29
Q

in complex partial seizures, automatisms occur, what does this mean

A

unconscious movement that may resemble simple repetitive tics

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30
Q

how can partial seizures secondary generalised be characterised

A

partial seizure immediately preceding a GTC seizure

31
Q

an EEG recording of a general seizure reveals the pattern of electrical activity recruited during a generalised seizure. Has a characteristic - (numbers) Hz spike and wave discharge which is a feature of a subtype of generalised epilepsy called ___________ seizures

A

2-3Hz
absence seizures

32
Q

in a Generalised tonic clonic seizure (GTC-grand mal) what does clonic mean

A

sustained rhythmical jerking

33
Q

in a generalised tonic clonic seizure (grand mal)
what does tonic mean

A

stiffening

34
Q

what occurs in a generalised tonic clonic seizure (grand mal) ?

A

during the clonic phase relaxations become longer - massive jerking of the body

35
Q

what is another name for generalised tonic clonic seizure

A

grand mal

36
Q

what is another name for an absence seizure

A

petit mal

37
Q

how long does an absence seizure last (petit mal)

A

10-45 seconds

38
Q

how many absence seizures can an individual have a day
(petit mal)

A

mabe 100 a day

39
Q

what is the state of consciousness in an individual with an absence seizure (petit mal)

A

consciousness altered

40
Q

describe an absence seizure

A

10-45 seconds (maybe 100 a day)
mild clonic spasms may occur (jerking)
automatisms can confuse diagnosis with complex partial seizures (unconscious movement that may resemble simple repetitive tics)
start in child hood - patients often suffer mental retardation

41
Q

when do absence seizures typically begin

A

in childhood

42
Q

why can absence seizures be mistaken for partial seizures

A

presence of automatisms

43
Q

patients that suffer with absence seizures often have what

A

mental retardation

44
Q

myoclonic seizures have multiple what in an EEG
and how can the clonic seizures in an EEG be described

A

multiple spikes
rhythmic series of clonic seizures

45
Q

what occurs in an atonic seizure

A

sudden loss of posture leading to collapse

46
Q

what is an infantile spasm

A

a syndrome with bilateral attacks of brief recurrent myoclonic jerks
90% of patients have attacks before 1 years of age - mental retardation common

47
Q

an individual with infantile spasms has bilateral attacks of what

A

brief current myoclonic jerks

48
Q

90% of patients with infantile spams have attacks before they are how old

A

1 year of age

49
Q

what is common in infantile spasms

A

mental retardation

50
Q

how many subtypes of generalised seizures are there

A

5

51
Q

what is there no evidence of in a generalised seizure

A

no evidence of locus

52
Q

what are the 5 subtypes of generalised seizures

A

Generalised tonic clonic (grand mal)
Absence (petit mal)
myoclonic
atonic
infantile spasms

53
Q

what is the term given to continuous or repetitive seizures lasting 30 mins or more

A

status epilepticus

54
Q

what is status epilepticus

A

the term given to continuous or repetitive seizures lasting 30 mins or more

55
Q

inadequate treatment of status epilepticus can result in what

A

brain damage or death

56
Q

what can status epilepticus be caused by

A

patient non compliance or in patients medication suffering from fever or systemic infection, which could lower serum drug concentrations

57
Q

list some conditions that can also cause status epilepticus

A

hypoxia
encephalitis
meningitis
subarachnoid hemorrhage
metabolic encephalopathy

58
Q

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF EPILEPSY
initiation of seizures involves:

A

high frequency of bursts of action potentials
hypersynchronization

59
Q

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF EPILEPSY
mechanisms for recruitment of surrounding neurons involves:

A

increase in intracellular K+ depolarises neighboring neurons
accumulation of Ca in presynaptic terminals resulting in enhanced transmitter release
depolarisation induced by activation of glutamate (NMDA) receptors resulting in Ca2+ influx

60
Q

sudden withdrawal of what can cause status epilepticus

A

sudden withdrawal of sedatives such as barbiturates, benzodiazepines or alcohol can also precipitate status epilepticus

61
Q

EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF EPILEPSY
describe the maximal electric shock test

A

models for partial seizures and tonic clonic seizures in humans

62
Q

EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF EPILEPSY
maximal electric shock test is a model for partial seizures and tonic-clonic seizures in humans.
What drug is administered for approx 14 days

A

pilocarpine (muscarinic receptor agonist)

63
Q

EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF EPILEPSY
maximal electric shock test: model for partial seziures and tonic-clonic seizures in humans. Pilocarpine is administered for approx 14 days.
what is pilocarpine

A

muscarinic receptor agonist

64
Q

EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF EPILEPSY
maximal electric shock test: model for partial seizures and tonic-clonic seizures in humans. Also, pilocarpine (muscarinic receptor agonist) administered for ~ 14 days.
Can be ameliorated (symptoms made better) by what drugs

A

phenytoin, carbamazepine, and lamotrigine

65
Q

EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF EPILEPSY
pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced clonic seizures (GABAa receptor antagonist) is a model for what seizures

A

generalised especially absence seizures

66
Q

EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF EPILEPSY
Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) induced clonic seizures (GABAa receptor antagonist), Model for generalised seizures especially absence seizures. Ameliorated by what

A

ethosuximide and valproate

67
Q

EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF EPILEPSY
PENTYLENETETRAZOL (PTZ) induced clonic seizures (GABAa receptor antagonist) ameliorated by ethosuximide and valproate (can be exacerbated by what

A

phenytoin and carbamazepine

68
Q

EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF EPILEPSY
lethargic, star gazer, or tottering mutant mice (disruption of what genes)

A

VDCC

69
Q

EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF EPILEPSY
lethargic, star-gazer, or tottering mutant mice (disruption in VDCC genes): models for what seizures

A

model for generalised seizures

70
Q

EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF EPILEPSY
minimal metrazol induced seizures in rate are thought to model myoclonic seizures in

A

humans

71
Q

EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF EPILEPSY
minimal ______ induuced seizures in rats are thought to model myoclonic seizres in humans

A

metrazol

72
Q

EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF EPILEPSY
minimal metrazol induced seizures in rats are thought to model ______ seizures in humans

A

myoclonic

73
Q

EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF EPILEPSY
electrical kindling: model for complex _____ seizures

A

partial

74
Q

electrical kindling: model for complex partial seizures. Repeated focal __________ ______________

A

electrical stimulation

Behavioral Neuroscience and Pharmacology (6 decks)

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