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IB 361 > Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases > Flashcards

Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Parasitism

A

A type of symbiotic association between 2 species where one benefits (the parasite) ny exploiting the resources of the other (the host)

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2
Q

Endoparasites

A

Complete some or all of life cycle within host tissues or cells

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3
Q

What are two subtypes of endoparasites?

A

Microparasites (pathogens) and macroparasites

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4
Q

Three major taxas of microscopic endoparasites

A

Viruses, bacteria, and protozoa
(minor ones: fungi and prions)

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5
Q

Macroparasites are different from microparasites because they complete ____ of their life cycle within the host.

A

Part
(usually release infective stages from the host)

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6
Q

Ectoparaties

A

Live on surface of host
ex. Ticks, mites, fleas, mosquitoes, leeches, etc.

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7
Q

Direct transmission

A

Physical or close contact between hosts which allows disease agent to transfer from an infected host to an uninfected one

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8
Q

Indirect transmission

A

Transfer of a disease agent from an infected host to an uninfected one facilitated by an intermediate host or a vector

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9
Q

Ecological categories of infectious disease

A

Zoonotic
Multi-host
Human-specific

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10
Q

Zoonotic diseases are defined as…

A

Diseases transmitted from animals to humans only
ex. Lyme disease, Hanta virus

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11
Q

Multi-host diseases are defined as…

A

Diseases that transmit between both animals and humans
ex. Influenza virus

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12
Q

Human-specific diseases are categorized as…

A

Diseases transmitted from human to human
ex. Measles, HIV – but most have zoonotic/multi-host origins

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13
Q

Schistosomiasis, also called the ____ ____ ____ ____, is caused by aquatic trematodes that use ____ as intermediate hosts.

A

Plague of the Pharaohs; snails

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14
Q

Why was schistosomiasis prevalent in Eygpt?

A

The Egyptian civilization had great success with irrigation and controlled flooding of the Nile, but it also created conditions favorable for Schistosomiasis – Lots of water year-round ensured land productivity, but also led to greater possibility to parasite exposure.

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15
Q

The impoundment of water causes ____ ____ ____, which leads to ____ ____, and attracts ____, the intermediate host of schistosomiasis.

A

Accumulation of nutrients; Algal bloom; Snails

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16
Q

The Plague was caused by the ____ that was transmitted by ____ that were carried by ____, the anthropophilic ____ ____.

A

Bacteria; Fleas; Rodents; reservoir hosts

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17
Q

Bubonic Plague

A

Infests lymph system, causing lymph nodes to undergo hemorrhagic inflammation

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18
Q

Septicemic Plague

A

Causes disseminated intravascular coagulation within the bloodstream, preventing subsequent clotting as clotting factors and platelets are used up

19
Q

Pneumonic Plague

A

Infests lungs, typically following bubonic/septicemic syndrome
*Human specific

20
Q

Justinian plague (541-542 AD and a second wave in 588) killed over ____ ____, which contributed to the fall of the classical world and beginning of the ____ ____.

A

100 million; Dark Ages

21
Q

Black Death (1347 - 1351) Killed ____ ____ (~1/4 world population) and is considered the most severe pandemic in human history

A

1500 million

22
Q

Third Pandemic in Asia (1855 - 1900) likely had two different forms of transmission (____ and ____)

A

Bubonic; pneumonic

23
Q

Medical advances motivated by smallpox epidemics

A
  • Inoculation: Intentional infection with a minor strain of smallpox virus, which conferred protection against the more virulent or major strain (could still kill ppl)
  • Vaccination: Used a vaccine derived from the vaccinia virus in the 19th century
24
Q

Characteristics of Type I Epidemic

A
  • Occur in large populations
  • Regular peaks
  • Never disappears
    *Example: Flu
25
Q

Characteristics of Type II Epidemic

A
  • Occur in smaller populations
  • Discontinuous peaks
  • Periods of temporary absence of disease
    *Example: Mumps
26
Q

Characteristics of Type III Epidemic

A
  • Occur in very small populations
  • Highly irregular outbreak intervals
  • Extended absence of disease
    *Example: Ebola
27
Q

Pandemics

A

Epidemics that spread globally, tend to be driven by novel strains of highly infectious pathogens

28
Q

Most pandemics originate from one or more ____ events, where…

A

Spillover; A novel pathogen enters into a new host population

29
Q

The 1918 Pandemic Flu (Spanish Flu) was caused by

A

H1N1 strain

30
Q

The 1918 Pandemic Flu (Spanish Flu) was likely exacerbated by…

A
  • Troops kept in close quarters & poor health
  • Massive global movement of humans
31
Q

We define Emerging Infectious Diseases as the diseases that are increasing in…

A
  • Incidence (rate of human cases)
  • Pathogenicity (how virulence it is)
  • Geographic range (spacial distribution)
  • Host range (number of species infected/affected)
  • Societal impact (possibly due to an interaction with changing social factors)
32
Q

1st pandemic of the 21st century

A

SARS
- 10% fatality rate
- Originated in SE China
- Caused by SARS-CoV
- Horseshoe bats were found to contain high prevalence of antibodies to it, but the genetic structure of SARS in bats does not interact with human cells
- Still a missing link

33
Q

2nd pandemic of the 21st century

A

Swine-origin H1N1
- Started in Mexico, caused high death rates in healthy adults
- Strain = reassortment of gene segments from 4 other H1N1 strains
- Likely jumped from pigs to humans

34
Q

Factors that will have the greatest impact on your risk of exposure to infectious diseases in the 21st century

A
  • Globalization
  • Ecosystem
  • Wildlife Trade
  • Antimicrobial resistance
35
Q

How would globalization affect disease transmission?

A

People are moving a lot further and a lot frequent, and more efficient than ever before, so does the pathogens.

36
Q

How would ecosystem change affect disease transmission?

A

The growth and development of human population is profoundly altering the biological complexity of the Earth. The exploitation of ecosystems can cause a decrease in reservoir hosts of certain pathogens, and more human-wildlife interactions, which promote pathogen transmission.

37
Q

ZIKV was detected due to a surge in infant _____, and was first detected in Brazil in the Americas

A

Microcephaly

38
Q

ZIKV in the Americas were introduced by a ____ event and was ____ than previously considered, but was consistent with an increase in trael from ZIKV areas during the Confederations Cup

A

Single; Earlier

39
Q

Why isn’t MERS considered a pandemic?

A

It didn’t spread to affect enough population to be recognized as one

40
Q

Three hypothesis for the emergense of COVID-19

A
  1. Zoonotic Emergence: Spillover event from bats to humans either directly or indirectly
  2. Lab Leak: Researcher studying SARS-CoV-2 (or its immediate progenitor) accidentally became infected and spread the infection beyond the lab
  3. Genetic Engineering:Intentionally created in a lab setting and then accidentally or intentionally released to the public
41
Q

Why is tuberculosis reemerging?

A

Antimicrobial resistance

42
Q

2 types of antimicrobial resistant strains of tuberculosis

A

Multi-drug-resistance TB (MTB) and Extensively drug-resistance TB (XTB)

43
Q

MTB is resistant to the ____ main antibiotics (____ of new cases), whereas XTB is resistant to ____ or more of the 6 second-line therapies (____ of new cases)

A

2; 20%; 3; 2%

44
Q

What is Jaccard’s index used for?

A

It is a continental scale to estimae the similarity in species composition between two communities
- Identical communities: J = 1
- Completely dissimilar communities: J = 0

IB 361 (9 decks)

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