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Jaspie - Prev Med II > Epidemiology of Health and Disease > Flashcards

Epidemiology of Health and Disease Flashcards

1
Q

The most important risk factor far the development of breast cancer, like most cancers, is ___

A

AGE

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2
Q

___ may have a protective effect on breast cancer, it is of nowhere near the magnitude of the effect of age

A

Nursing

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3
Q

NOT a major risk factor for breast cancer

A

Cigarette smoke

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4
Q

Early diagnosis of breast cancer, if it had any effect, would be expected to ___ the incidence rate

A

increase
(since some cases might be discovered that otherwise might spontaneously resolve or not be noticed before the woman dies of another cause)

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5
Q

Appendicitis:
An important cause of morbidity in the Western world but mortality is ___
Boys and girls are ___ affected
Most common in ___ and ___ decades of life
During pregnancy, displacement of the appendix by the uterus can make diagnosis difficult

A

decreasing
nearly equally
2nd and 3rd

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6
Q

The bacteria that are involved in nosocomial infections are transmitted most often by ___

A

direct hand contact

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7
Q

transmission of bacteria from patient to patient most commonly occurs via the ___ of hospital personnel
Airborne, transmission, indirect exposure, and common source exposure are much less important than direct spread

A

hands

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8
Q

Example of source of nosocomial infection endogenous to the patient, NOT a source of transmission of infection

A

Indwelling catheters

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9
Q

What will highly decrease the transmission of nosocomial pathogens?

A

Meticulous handwashing

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10
Q

Most common site of nosocomial infections?

A

GUT

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11
Q

UTIs account for 35% of all nosocomial infections. About 70 to 80% of nosocomial UTIs are related to ___ and ___

UTI > ___ > RTI > Septicemia

A

catheters
urinary tract manipulation
SSI

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12
Q

Triggers for acute episode of asthma:
Dust, animal dander, RTIs, ozone pollution, aspirin, emotional factors

___: a methylxanthine related to ___, a ___ potency bronchodilator
Theobromine is found in?

A

caffeine
theophylline
low
chocolates

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13
Q

T/F: Obesity is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease

A

FALSE

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14
Q

T/F: Genetic factors contribute to obesity

A

TRUE

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15
Q

T/F: A sedentary lifestyle appears to be the most important cause of obesity in the Western populations

A

TRUE

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16
Q

T/F: A woman whose body fat is >30% of her total mass is obese

A

TRUE

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17
Q

T/F: Osteoarthritis is less common among obese persons because of decreased activity

A

FALSE

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18
Q

T/F: Obese persons are significantly less active than non obese persons

A

TRUE

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19
Q

T/F: The apparent association between obesity and hypertension is probably due to the use of inappropriately small blood pressure cuffs in obese subjects

A

FALSE

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20
Q

T/F: In a normal person, 300 calories of excess CHOs will lead to the same weight gain as 300 calories of excess fat

A

FALSE. It’s not the calories consumed but the composition that determines weight gain

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21
Q

To maintain current weight, one must exercise for ___ a day

To lose weight, one must exercise for ___ a day

A

60 minutes

90 minutes

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22
Q

Present when body fat is >25% BW in men, >30% BW in women

A

Obesity

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23
Q

Obesity: major risk factor for ___

It is a relatively unimportant risk factor ___ except at extremes of weight distribution

A

DM type 2

CHD

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24
Q

Both behavioral and genetic factors contribute to obesity T/F

A

TRUE

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25
Q

Arthritis, particularly at the ___, is more common among obese patients – due to mechanical stresses on the joints

A

hip

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26
Q

Normal persons can compensate for excessive carbohydrate intake by increasing ___

A

metabolic rate

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27
Q

Cobalamin deficiency:
___: most common cause of cobalamin deficiency in temperate climates — gastric mucosal atrophy — ___ reaction against gastric ___ cells

Increased risk in patients with a personal or family history of ___ e.g. Graves disease

___: fish tapeworm

A 
pernicious anemia
autoimmune
parietal cells
autoimmune disease
Dipyllobothrium latum
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28
Q

The major risk factor for stroke

A

Hypertension

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29
Q

Other risk factors for stroke, besides HPN: (4)

A

smoking
vascular disease
DM
TIA

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30
Q

Gallstones:
Extremely common in 20% of women and 8% of men above 40
Diabetics: increased risk for gallstones, as well as mobidity and mortality associated with the disease
Chronic ___ — formation of calcium bilirubinate stones
Other risk factors: (3)

A

hemolysis
age
obesity
chronic biliary infection

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31
Q

Since gallstones contain cholesterol, hypercholesterolemia is associated with an increased risk of cholelithiasis. T/F

A

FALSE

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32
Q

There has been increasing age adjusted mortality in the past 25 years from cancer of the ___

A

LUNG

33
Q

Cancers related with smoking? (3)

A

LUNG
PANCREAS
GUT

34
Q

Mortality from uterine malignancy has declined ainly due to the acceptance of ___

A

Pap smear

35
Q

Cigarette smoking increases the risk for liver cancer T/F

A

FALSE

36
Q

Worldwide, the most common risk factor for liver cancer is ___ ___ or ___ infection

A

chronic HBV or HCV

37
Q

The most common site for cancer in females in developing countries is ___

A

Breast

38
Q

Cancer MORBIDITY in DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Male: ___
Female: ___

Cancer MORTALITY in DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Male: ___
Female: ___

A

Lung and bronchus
Breast

Lung and bronchus
Breast

39
Q

The development of neuropathic symptoms is associated with chronic exposure to: (3)

A

Mercury
Lead
Arsenic

40
Q

Intention tremor, delirium

Use of it in the manufacture of felt hats = “mad as a hatter”

A

Organic mercury

41
Q

Peripheral neuropathy and ataxia; irreversible CNS defects in children

A

Lead

42
Q

Similar to neuropathy seen in pernicious anemia

A

Nitrous oxide

43
Q

Irritation of mucous membranes

A

Sulfur dioxide

44
Q

Causally associated with pneumoconiosis?

A

Dust particles

45
Q

Delirium, coma

A

Arsenic

46
Q

A fibrosing lung disease usually due to chronic occupational exposure to air with particulate matter

A

Pneumoconiosis

47
Q

e.g. anthracosis, silicosis, asbestosis, berylliosis, farmer’s lung, byssinosis

A

Pneumoconiosis

48
Q

molasses, baganese

A

Bagassosis

49
Q

cotton, flax, hemp

A

Byssinosis

50
Q

sulfur dioxides, nitrogen oxides, oil fumes and cigarette smoke — cause acute ___ or exacerbate chronic ___ and ___

A

bronchospasm
bronchitis
emphysema

51
Q

What is common among these occupations?
Battery maker
Gasoline boy
Solderer

A

Occupational exposure to lead

52
Q

Most serious manifestation of lead intoxication is ___

A

Cerebral edema

53
Q

Cerebral edema is often noted with blood lead levels exceeding ___ ug/dL

A

100

54
Q

5Bs of Congenital Rubella Syndrome

A

cataracts, SN deafness, MR, PDA, blueberry muffin baby

55
Q

Most prevalent mental health disorder in young children is ___

A

behavioral problems

56
Q

Parents who abuse their children are likely alcoholics

T/F

A

TRUE

57
Q

Parents who abuse their children are likely to be men than women
T/F

A

FALSE

58
Q

Parents who abuse their children are found in all social classes
T/F

A

TRUE

59
Q

Parents who abuse their children are likely to have been abused as children
T/F

A

TRUE

60
Q

Child Abuse:

___ > sexual > ___

A

neglect

physical

61
Q

Child Abuse:

The ___ is more commonly the abuser, perhaps of greater contact with the child

A

mother

62
Q

Child Abuse:

Abusing/abusive parents are usually psychologically immature and have poor ___

A

impulse control

63
Q

Oral contraceptives are associated with increased:
thrombophlebitis T/F
high levels of high density lipoproteins T/F
carbohydrate intolerance T/F
premature epiphyseal closure T/F

A

TRUE
TRUE
TRUE
FALSE (OCPs in the available doses contain too little estrogen to close growth plates)

Also, most females use OCPs after the growth spurt

64
Q 
Anabolic steroid use among adolescents is associated with:
testicular atrophy T/F
enhanced school performance T/F
aggressive behavior T/F
cholestasis T/F
A

TRUE
FALSE (school performance usually deteriorates as a result of mood changes and aggressive behavior)
TRUE
TRUE

65
Q

Tuberculosis:
Humans are the only reservoir of MTB T/F
The causative agents of human TB include M. bovis T/F
The time from infection to the development of a positive tuberculin skin test is about six months T/F
HIV infection is an independent risk factor for the development of active TB T/F

A

TRUE
TRUE
FALSE
TRUE

Note: the immunosuppression of HIV infection can lead to reactivation of latent TB, often the AIDS defining illness in these patients — TB #1 Killer in AIDS

66
Q

Tuberculosis: time from infection to positive TST = ___ weeks

A

2 to 8

67
Q

Ability of a microbe or purified antigen to induce specific antibody production in a host as a result of infection or immunization

A

Immunogenicity

68
Q

Capacity of a microbe to cause symptomatic illness in an infected host

A

Pathogenicity

69
Q

Severity of illness produced by a microbe; measured by the percentage of severe or fatal cases

A

Virulence

70
Q

Ability of a microbe to spread in a population of exposed susceptible persons

A

Contagiousness

71
Q

Immunogenicity? Pathogenicity? Contagiousness? Virulence?

Neutralizing antibody develops in 95% of people after an attack of measles

A

Immunogenicity

72
Q

Immunogenicity? Pathogenicity? Contagiousness? Virulence?

Febrile respiratory tract disease develops in approximately 80% of children infected with influenza

A

Pathogenicity

73
Q

Immunogenicity? Pathogenicity? Contagiousness? Virulence?

Death occurs in approximately 20% of cases of pneumococcal meningitis

A

Virulence

74
Q

Immunogenicity? Pathogenicity? Contagiousness? Virulence?

Approximately 50% of household contacts of a child who has a common cold become infected

A

Contagiousness

75
Q

Dengue, yellow fever, chicken pox

Bacterial infections?
Zoonoses?
Person to person spread?
Viral infections?
Arthropod borne infections?
A

Viral infections

76
Q

Scabies, measles, shigellosis

Bacterial infections?
Zoonoses?
Person to person spread?
Viral infections?
Arthropod borne infections?
A

Person to person spread

77
Q

Rabies, psittacosis, salmonellosis

Bacterial infections?
Zoonoses?
Person to person spread?
Viral infections?
Arthropod borne infections?
A

Zoonoses

78
Q

Walking pneumonia, brucella, strep throat

Bacterial infections?
Zoonoses?
Person to person spread?
Viral infections?
Arthropod borne infections?
A

Bacterial infections

Jaspie - Prev Med II (5 decks)

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