epidemiology L1 Flashcards
epidemiology
the causes, frequencies and distribution of disease, disabilities and injuries in a population
descriptive epidemiology
correlational, case reports, cross-sectional surveys
analytic
case-control; cohort; RCTs-intervention/ecological
relative risk
estimated the probability of developing a disease in those exposed to a risk factor to those not exposed
.6 RR
the risk on contracting the disease is higher in the presence of this risk factor
Odds Ratio
expression of the association between a risk factor and health outcome by comparing the likelihood of the outcome under 2 circumstances
population attributable risk
PAR estimates use the prevalence of the risk factor and the strength of its association (RR) with the disease
Prevention paradox
A large number of people exposed to a small risk may generate many more cases than a small number exposed to high risk
social determinants of health
the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age, that are mostly responsible for health inequities
medical model
health = absence of disease, illness, infection, disability, etc
WHO definition of health
health is therefore a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living
health promotion
the process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health
secondary prevention
dealing with the early detection and treatment of a disease in an asymptomatic state before it progresses
population health
focuses on the interrelated conditions and factors that influence the health of populations over the life course
WHO definition of lifestyle
a way of living affected by the relationship between an individual’s personal characteristics, social interactions, and SES, and environmental living conditions
incidence
the number of new cases over a specified period of time; expressed as a number per 1000;
morbidity
illness, disability
life expectancy
how long can someone expect to live
health adjusted life years
years spent in good health, free of disability or disease
demographic transitions
levels of birth rates and death rates differ over time to determine population growth
epidemiological transitions
when the causes of disease and death change over time
Primary prevention
aimed at stopping disease from ever happening
Tertiary prevention
treatment/rehab to cure or delay severity or death
Community
a group of inhabitants living in the same area with common norms, values, organizations
