Epidemiology (final) Flashcards
-monitor the trends of infectious disease and the interventions that protect the public
-incorporates info from science, medicine, sociology, stats, politics, and education to improve the health of an entire population
public health
study of the distribution (who, when, and where) and determinants of health related states or events in specified populations, and the applications of this study to control health problems
epidemiology
Who identifies, tracks, and stops outbreaks, collect info called surveillance data on health of a population on a regular basis, and ask questions about general trends of diseases?
epidemiologists
Outbreaks are classified into 3 main categories. What are they?
1) endemic
2) epidemic
3) pandemic
a disease that is always present/mainatained in the population (without the need for external inputs) in low levels in a given area
for example: chicken pox in the UK but malaria is not
endemic
rapid spread of infectious disease to a large number of people in a given population within a short period of time, usually 2 weeks or less
epidemic
an outbreak of infectious disease that has spread through human populations across a large region, for instance more then 2 continents, or even worldwide
pandemic
What are the 3 points of an epidemiological triangle?
host, agent, and environment
microbe that causes the disease (the what of the triangle)
agent
organisms harboring the disease (the who of the triangle)
host
external factors that cause or allow transmission (the where in the triangle)
environment
T/F: the mission of an epidemiologist is to break a least one of the sides of the triangle, disrupting the connection between the environment, the host, and the agent, and stopping the continuation of disease
true
What are the 3 types of epidemiological studies?
1) cohort (prospective)
2) case control (retrospective)
3) cross sectional or prevalence
Which study type is this?
-direct estimate of risk
-presence of exposure determined in sample of population
-entire sample followed and incidence of disease compared for those with and without exposure
cohort (prospective)
Which study type is this?
-indirect estimate of risk
-sample selected based on presence or absence of disease
-proportion of cases with history of exposure before onset on disease compared with controls
case control (retrospective)
Which study type is this?
-associations
-presence of disease determined in sample population
-proportion of cases with history of exposure compared with non-cases
-prevalence of disease compare for those with and without exposure
cross section/ prevalence
the number of people who are sick divided by the total population at risk
morbidity (sickness) rate
the number of deaths in a population divided by the total population
mortality/fatality rate
infant mortality is the death of an infant before their ______ birthday
1st
neonatal mortality is the death of a neonate before _____________
30 days of birth date
What are the 5 leading causes of infant death?
1) birth defects
2) preterm birth and low birth weight
3) sudden infant death syndrome
4) maternal pregnancy complications
5) injuries like suffocation
the number of new health related events or cases of a disease in a population exposed to that risk in a given time period divided by the total population at risk
incidence rate
number of new cases in a population in a given time period
incidence of a disease
the total number of new and existing cases in a population at a particular time
prevalence of a disease
any nonliving object or substance capable of carrying infectious organisms such as viruses or bacteria
fomite
What agency coordinates efforts to improve public health in the world?
WHO
What agency controls NIH, CDC, FDA, USPHS (US public health services)?
department of health and human services (HHS)
Which agency controls research?
NIH
Which agency conducts and supports health promotion, prevention, and preparedness activities in the US with the goal of improving overall public health and deals in stats for epidemiological studies?
CDC
Which agency regulates health products released to the public and regulates product misrepresentation in health promotion and advertising?
FDA
Which agency helps farmers with price support subsides and inspect food like milk, milk products and meat to ensure safety in US?
US department of agriculture (USDA)
Which agency monitors soil, air, and water quality and was created for the purpose of protecting human health and the environment by writing and enforcing regulation based on laws passed by congress?
environmental protection agency (EPA)
Which agency makes rules concerning occupational toxicity levels of hazardous material and is responsible for health services administration?
OSHA
Which agency is in charge of chiro licenses, health related issues, infected meat, and food product recall?
state department of health
Which agency reviews reports of public health assessment before info is disclosed to public?
agency for toxic substances and disease registry
What diseases must be reported in writing?
gonorrhea and salmonella
an infectious disease transmissible (as from person to person) by direct contact with an affected individual or the individuals discharges or by indirect means (as by a vector)
communicable disease
Which agency protects and promotes health of people living around hazardous waste sites?
state public health assessment
Which diseases must be reported by phone?
rubeola (measles) and pertussis (whooping cough)
What disease is caused by neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonococcus)?
gonorrhea/ gonococcal urethritis
Is neisseria gonorrhoeae gram neg or pos?
gram neg
What are some complications of neisseria gonorrhoeae infection?
-pelvic inflammatory disease
-can become sterile
-can cause ectopic pregnancies
-ophthalmia neonatorum (neonatal conjunctivitis)
What medium is used to diagnose neisseria gonorrhoeae infection?
thayer martin medium and nucleic acid amplification test
What disease is caused by treponema pallidum pallidum?
syphilis
Which stage of syphilis is this?
-characterized by a lesion called a chancre, which is painless, circular, purple ulcer with a small raised margin and hard edges
primary syphilis
Which stage of syphilis is this?
-occurs several weeks after chancre lesion has healed
-fever, flu like illness
-skin rash may be mistaken for measles, rubella, or chicken pox (great imitator)
-skin rash is reddish brown spots on the palms, soles, face, and scalp
secondary syphilis
Which stage of syphilis is this?
-organism can no longer be found
-hallmark is the gumma, a soft painless noninfectious granular lesion
-gumma weakens blood vessels and nervous system
tertiary syphilis
What stages of syphilis are treatable?
primary and secondary are treatable, but tertiary is too far gone
What disease is caused by haemophilus ducreyi?
chancroid (soft chancre (STD))
Which bacteria is this?
-typically grows on the male genitals and causes a painful shallow soft ulcer at site of infection
haemophilus ducreyi
What is the smallest and most primitive of bacterial organisms?
chlamydia species
What disease is caused by chlamydia trachomatis (serovars D-K)?
STD, inclusion conjunctivitis, infant pneumonitis
What is the most common STD in US?
chlamydia trachomatis (serovars D-K)
What are some complications of chlamydia trachomatis (serovars D-K)?
-pelvic inflammatory disease
-women can become sterile
-most cases are asymptomatic
-can cause ectopic pregnancy
What is the most common cause of non-gonococcal urethritis?
chlamydia trachomatis (serovars D-K)
What are the differences between males and females with chlamydia trachomatis (serovars D-K)?
males= less severe
females= urethritis and cervicitis
What disease is caused by chlamydia trachomatis (serovars L1-L3)?
lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), an STD
Which STD is this?
-stage 1= incubation 1-3 weeks, rapidly healing, painless genital papule or pustule
-stage 2= painful inguinal lymphadenopathy
stage 3= years later, proctocolitis, rectal fibrosis, elephantiasis of genitals in men
chlamydia trachomatis (serovars L1-L3), aka lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)
What is the diagnostic test for chlamydia trachomatis (serovars L1-L3), aka lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)?
frei test
Which STD is this?
-excessive growth of bacteria such as gardnerella vaginalis and prevotella
-increased white/gray vaginal discharge
-smells fishy
bacterial vaginosis (BV)
What is the only STD that can be prevented with a vaccine?
hep B
What diseases are caused by S. aureus?
1) toxic shock syndrome
2) gastroenteritis (FBI)
3) scalded skin syndrome
4) skin infections
5) osteomyelitis
What bacteria is gold?
s. aureus
Which bacteria produces coagulase (an enzyme which enhances its virulence)?
s. aureus
Where is s. aureus normally found?
skin
What is the toxin associated with toxic shock syndrome caused by s. aureus?
exotoxin
What food born illness is caused by s. aureus?
gastroenteritis, which this specific FBI is a TRUE food posioning/toxemia
What is the toxin associated with gastroenteritis caused by s. aureus? Where is it found?
enterotoxin (exotoxin) found on starchy foods
Which bacteria has a heat stable exotoxin (not readily destroyed by heat)?
s. aureus
What is the most common hospital acquired/nosocomial wound infection?
s. aureus
What are the 2 diagnostic tests for s. aureus?
coagulase test and mannitol salt agar
What disease is caused by clostridium botulinum?
botulism (FBI)
T/F: clostridium botulinum is a true food poisoning
true, its a toxemia
What toxin is associated with clostridium botulinum?
exotoxin (neurotoxin)
Which bacteria secretes an exotoxin/neurotoxin under anaerobic conditions like home canned foods?
clostridium botulinum
Which bacteria produces a toxin that blocks the release of the neurotransmitter ACh and causes flaccid paralysis of the involuntary muscles?
clostridium botulinum
How do people die from clostridium botulinum?
respiratory paralysis or cardiac arrest
honey is the most frequent cause of infection for what?
clostridium botulinum (spores in honey, bad for baby)
Which bacteria produces a toxin that is heat liable (can be destroyed with heat)?
clostridium botulinum
What disease is caused by campylobacter jejuni?
gastroenteritis
What is the #1 FBI in US?
campylobacter jejuni causes gastroenteritis
Which bacteria is this?
-fecal oral route especially with poultry
-susceptible to gastric acid
-associated with guillian barre syndrome (ascending paralytic disease)
campylobacter jejuni causes gastroenteritis
What disease is caused by salmonella enteritidis?
salmonella gastroenteritis
How is salmonella enteritidis transmitted?
anal oral route from contaminated foods like meat, eggs, milk, water, ice cream
especially poultry
Which bacteria starts out as a FBI and then develops into an endotoxin?
salmonella enteritidis
What toxin is associated with salmonella enteritidis?
endotoxin
What is another name for E. coli O157:H7?
enterohemorrhagic e. coli (EHEC)
What is the most pathogenic strain of e.coli?
enterohemorrhagic e. coli (EHEC) also known as e. coli O157:H7
Which bacterial infection is caused by undercooked ground beef?
enterohemorrhagic e. coli (EHEC) also known as e. coli O157:H7
What bacteria has a complication of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) which results in kidney failure?
enterohemorrhagic e. coli (EHEC) also known as e. coli O157:H7
What disease is caused by shigella sp.?
shigellosis (bacillary dysentery)
What is the transmission route for shigella sp.?
fecal oral route
Which bacteria is this?
-inflammation and necrosis of large intestine
-constant desire to evacuate the bowels (tenesmus)
-diarrhea containing blood, mucus and pus
shigella sp.
What is the most severe shigella strain because it produces an enterotoxin AND neurotoxin?
shigella dysenteriae
What disease is caused by vibrio parahaemolyticus?
acute gastroenteritis (FBI)
Which bacteria is this?
-acute gastroenteritis after ingestion of contaminated seafood such a raw fish or shellfish
vibrio parahaemolyticus
What disease is caused by listeria monocytogenes?
listeriosis
What bacteria is this?
-food contaminated by fecal matter, especially deli meats and soft cheeses
-diarrheal disease
-complication= meningoencephalitis and infection of uterus can cause miscarriage
listeria monocytogenes
What bacteria is this?
-eating unpasteurized dairy or undercooked pork
-invasive gastroenteritis
yersinia enterocolitica
Zika and west nile virus is a part of what family?
flaviviridae
What is the vector for Zika?
aedes mosquitos
What are the 3 tick vector diseases?
1) colorado tick fever (virus)
2) rocky mountain spotted fever (bacteria)
3) lyme disease (bacteria)
What is another name for avian flu?
H5N1 or bird flu
What are the 5 leading causes of death in adults in the US?
1) heart disease
2) cancer
3) stroke
4) respiratory infection
5) accidents
What are the 2 leading causes of death worldwide?
TB and malaria
Newborns are most commonly infected with which strep causing menigitis?
group B strep
Babies and children are most commonly infected with which strep causing menigitis?
streptococcus pneumoniae
Teens/young adults are most commonly infected with which strep causing meningitis?
neisseria meningitidis
Older adults are most commonly infected with which strep causing meningitis?
streptococcus pneumoniae
What is the most lethal meningitis?
naegleria fowleri causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis
