epidemiology- enumeration

Question 1

PHASES OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL APPROACH

Answer 1

1. descriptive epidemiology
2. analytical epidemiology
3. intervention / experimental epidemiology
4. evaluation epidemiology

Question 2

Aspects of descriptive epidemiology

Answer 2

1. Observation and recording of existing patterns of occurrence of the health condition under study
2. Description of the disease/condition as to person, place and time characteristics
3. Analysis of the general pattern of occurrence of the disease or condition

Question 3

occurrence of condition to conduct: and to consider:

Answer 3

screening
case finding

sensitivity
specificity

Question 4

nurse can derive associations between the risk of acquiring a disease and characteristics of persons. Some variables provide clues as to the probable cause of the disease. These variables include:

Answer 4

sex
age
marital conditions
occupation
socioeconomic status

Question 5

Characteristics of the community and its population (to view the susceptibility of the community as host):

Answer 5

1. Herd immunity
2. Exposure or contact rate
3. Chance

Question 6

Disease occurrence:

Answer 6

1. fluctuations
2. Cyclic variation refers to recurrent fluctuation of disease that may exhibit cycles lasting for certain period
3. Secular variation refers to changes in disease frequency over a period of many years

Question 7

uses of epidemiology

Answer 7

1. To study the history of the health populations and the rise and fall of disease and changes in their character.
2. To identify syndromes by describing the distribution and association of clinical phenomena in the population.
3. To diagnose the health of the community and the condition of people; to measure the distribution and dimension of illness in terms of incidence, prevalence, disability and mortality; to set health problems in perspective and to define their relative importance; and to identify group needing special attention.
4. To estimate the risks of diseases, accident, defect and the chances of avoiding them.
5. To study the working of health services which a view of improving them. Operational research shows how community expectations can result in the actual provisions of service.
6. To complete the clinical picture of chronic disease and describe their natural history.
7. To search for causes of health and disease by comparing the experience of groups that are clearly defined by their composition, inheritance, experience, behavior and environments.

Question 8

epidemiology triangle

Answer 8

host
agent
environment

Question 9

development of an organism can be:

Answer 9

biological
physical
social

Question 10

Components of environment:

Answer 10

1. Physical environment- inanimate surroundings
2. Biological environment- living things
3. Socio-economic environment- economic development of the community, presence of social disruptions

Question 11

PATTERNS OF OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION:

Answer 11

sporadic occurrence
endemic occurrence
epidemic occurrence

Question 12

use of vital statistics

Answer 12

1. indices of the health and illnesses status of a community
2. serves as bases for planning, implementing, monitoring and evaluating community health programs and services.

Question 13

sources of data

Answer 13

1. Population census
2. registration of vital data
3. health survey
4. studies and researches

Question 14

types of rates:

Answer 14

crude/ general rate
specific rate
crude birth rate
crude death rate
infant mortality rate
maternal mortality rate
fetal death rate
specific death rate
incidence rate
prevalence rate
attack rate
proportional mortality (death ratios)
case fatality rate