Epidemiology Demography

Question 1

Define demography

Answer 1

Study of populations including size, growth, fertility, vital statistics (birth, death, DALY)

Question 2

How do you calculate population size

Answer 2

Population size (p2)= (size of initial pop (p1) + births +net migration) - deaths

Question 3

What would a spike shape in population pyramid suggest?

Answer 3

High birth rates, low death rates and low growth rate. Suggests high fertility rates with lower life expectancies

Question 4

What would a wedge shape in a population pyramid suggest

Answer 4

High birth rate, low death rate, high growth rate. Shows a population in transition from spike to barrel

Question 5

What would a barrel/beehive population pyramid suggest?

Answer 5

Low birth rate, low death rate, low growth rate all in equilibrium

Question 6

What is demograhic transition

Answer 6

Theory to explain shift from spike to barrel population pyramids seen in less developed populations to developed populations

Question 7

Define the dependency ratio?

Answer 7

proportion of the population which is economically inactive due to age

Question 8

How do you calculate the dependency ratio?

Answer 8

Under 15yr olds + over 65yr olds
_____________________________________
Population aged 15-64yrs old

Where minimum working age and retirement age can change

Question 9

What is infant mortality rate commonly used to assess?

Answer 9

Summary of the health status of the population. Good indicator of general health (food, sanitation, overcrowding and quality of healthcare). International indicator

Question 10

What is the equation for calculating infant mortality rates (IMR)?

Answer 10

No. Of deaths of infants aged 0-1yr
————————————————
No. Of live births

Expressed as no. Per 1000 for specific time period

Question 11

What are the most common causes of death in under 5’s

Answer 11

Diarrhoea, pneumonia, malaria, malnutrition and preterm birth

Question 12

How do you calculate the under 5 mortality rate?

Answer 12

No. Of deaths of infant aged 0-5yrs
————————————————
No. Of live births

For a specific time period per 1000

Question 13

What are the common causes for maternal mortality

Answer 13

Haemorrhage, hypertension, infections, indirect causes from pre-existing conditions.

Includes deaths during pregnancy or within 42days of termination

Question 14

How do you calculate the maternal mortality ratio. What is this used as an indicator for?

Answer 14

Maternal deaths during time period per 100,000 births.

Gaps between rich and poor

Question 15

What is the total period fertility rate? What assumptions does it make?

Answer 15

Average no of children born to a woman over her lifetime

Woman have same fertility as population average and lives beyond max age of giving birth

Question 16

How do you calculate the total period fertility rate?

Answer 16

Sum of age specific fertility rate per 1000 woman (ASFR) x 5
____________________________________
1000

Question 17

What total period fertility rate is needed to increase a population size?

Answer 17

2.1

Question 18

What are some of the factors associated with high fertility?

Answer 18

Poverty, extended family structure, religion, low economic status, early marriage, pro natalist policies

Question 19

What are some of the factors associated with low fertility?

Answer 19

Affluence, nuclear family structure, industrial economy, religion, high economic status, deferred marriage and anti-natalist policies

Question 20

Define life expectancy

Answer 20

No of years a baby born today can be expected to live if they experience current age specific mortality rates

Question 21

Define healthy life expectancy

Answer 21

Expected years of life to live in good or fairly good health

Question 22

What is potential years of life lost (PYLL) a good measure of?

Answer 22

The impact of diseases and lethal forces on society highlighting loss to society from early death

Question 23

How do you calculate the potential years of life lost (PYLL)

Answer 23

(Total number of remianing years of age group x deaths in that age group) cumulatively added
______________________________________
Total population

Expressed as no per 1000 population

Question 24

Define what disability adjusted life years are

Answer 24

Measure of burden of disease where 1 DALY is 1 healthy year of life lost

Question 25

How do you calculate disability adjusted life years

Answer 25

Daly= disability (incidence x duration x disability) +mortality (years lost through early death)