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Community Exam 3 > Epidemiology & communicable disease > Flashcards

Epidemiology & communicable disease Flashcards

1
Q

“the study of the occurrence and distribution of health-related states or events in specified populations, including the study of the determinants influencing such states, and the application of this knowledge to control the health problems.”

A

epidemiology

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2
Q

epidemiology includes:

A

communicable and chronic disease, mental health, occupational health and injuries

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3
Q

seeks to describe the distribution of health-related states and events in terms of person, place, and time.

A

descriptive epidemiology

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4
Q

focuses on investigation of causes and associations.

A

analytic epidemiology

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5
Q

is the broad consideration of many levels of potential determinants from different sources (systems approach).

A

ecologic approach

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6
Q

describes who has the disease; where and when it occurs.

A

distribution

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7
Q

occurs when the rate of disease, injury, or other condition exceeds the usual (endemic) level of that condition.

A

epidemic

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8
Q

Example of descriptive epidemiology

A

illustrating the current prevalence of ebola virus is Western Africa

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9
Q

Example of analytic epidemiology

A

when you are investigating the cause of an outbreak of vomiting and diarrhea after a large banquet and you test the food eaten - focuses on the determinants of health-related states and events.

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10
Q

is a measure of the frequency of a health event in different populations at certain periods

A

rate

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11
Q

is the probability that an event will occur within a specified period

A

risk

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12
Q

a measure that reflects the number of new cases or events in a population at risk during a specific time period

A

incidence

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13
Q

a measure of existing disease in a population at a particular time

A

prevalence

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14
Q

a measure of illness severity

A

morbidity rate

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15
Q

a measure of deaths

A

mortality rate

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16
Q

natural vs acquired immunity

A

natural = innate resistance
acquired = disease resistance from having a disease or vaccination

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17
Q

core epidemiologic functions**

A

Surveillance
Field investigations
Analytic studies
Evaluation

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18
Q

about the outcomes of an intervention or program under ‘ideal’ conditions, such as studying outcome in a research study

only measures the outcomes in the people who participate in the program.

A

efficacy

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19
Q

about the outcomes in ‘real world’ settings, such as when a program is implemented in a community or a clinical setting

A

effectiveness

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20
Q

the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data to help guide public health decision making and action.This happens through the collection and evaluation of morbidity and mortality reports and other relevant health information, the dissemination of these data, and their interpretation for public health decision making.

A

public health surveillance

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21
Q

provides information for action: it identifies disease trends and patterns, enables resource priorities to be decided, and lead to the planning of health programs as well as evaluation methods.**

A

surveillance

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22
Q

used to identify and describe the distribution and determinants of health-related states and events, as well of the efficacy, effectiveness, and efficiency of health intervention and health services

A

investigative functions

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23
Q

Causes of health-related stated and events

A

Identifying Risk factors for health-related stated and events

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24
Q

Address the role of epidemiological work in informing health policy and all levels

A

policy

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25
Q

Emphasizes the importance of linkages across professions, organizations, governments, and other necessary parties

A

linkages

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26
Q

web of causality

A

A two-dimensional causal web that considers multiple levels of factors that affect health and disease

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27
Q

What might be the “spider” in web of causality

A

those larger factors and contexts that influence or create the causal web itself

Poverty, discrimination, and other social determinants

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28
Q

what is epidemiologic data

A

primary data from sources such as surveys and interviews; secondary data research findings and government dashboards

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29
Q

ex of epidemiologic data

A

Surveys
observations
experiments
questionnaires
interviews.

Government publications, websites, journal articles, internal records

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30
Q

routinely collected data

A

Census data
Vital records (birth and death certificates)
Surveillance data as carried out by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

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31
Q

Long-term patterns of morbidity or mortality rates (i.e., over years or decades)

A

secular trends

Secular trends may reflect changes in social behavior or health practices

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32
Q

Personal characteristics of interest in epidemiology include:

A

race, ethnicity, sex, age, education, occupation, income (and related socioeconomic status), and marital status.

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33
Q

Place based characteristics are geographic:

A

how does the rate of disease differ from place to place (e.g., with local environment)

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34
Q

time based considerations

A

Is there an increase or decrease in the frequency of the disease over time? Are other temporal (and spatial) patterns evident? Temporal patterns of interest to epidemiologists relate to epidemics at singular or certain points in time, cyclical patterns (seasonal), and event-related clusters (such as a food borne illness event after a banquet).

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35
Q

analytic epidemiology

A

Cohort studies
Case-control studies
Cross-sectional studies
Ecologic studies
Ecologic fallacy

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36
Q

Research issue is commonly the efficacy of a medical treatment for disease

A

clinical trials

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37
Q

The issue is often health promotion and disease prevention rather than treatment of existing diseass

A

community trials

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38
Q

Community-oriented epidemiology: Involves

A

observation, data collection, consultation, and interpretation

39
Q

A form of epidemiology in which lay people gather scientific data as well as mobilize knowledge and resources of experts to understand the occurrence and distribution of a disease or injury

A

Popular epidemiology

40
Q

epidemiologic triangle**

A

environment
agent
host

41
Q

The method through which the agent leaves its reservoir and enters its host
exs:

A

transmission
Water, food, air, vectors, unprotected sexual contact, or penetrating wounds

42
Q

usually insects that carry the disease from the reservoir to humans

A

vectors

43
Q

Inanimate objects that can carry disease, such as a contaminated doorknob,

A

fomites

44
Q

transmission of communicable diseases

A

Agent, host, and environment
Modes of transmission
Disease development
Disease spectrum
Vectors
fomites

45
Q

resistance to disease

A

immunity

46
Q

the ability of the host to withstand infection and it may involve natural (inborn) or acquired (from disease or vaccination) immunity

A

resistance

47
Q

likelihood of a human’s risk of disease due to exposure to the disease agent

A

susceptibility

48
Q

the resistance of a group of people to an attack of disease to which a large proportion of the members of the group are immune

A

herd immunity

49
Q

The immunity of a population to an agent depends upon Having

A

large enough portion of the population immune (by vaccine or past infection) to prevent the spread of disease to persons in the population who do not have immunity.

50
Q

The threshold of immunity depends upon The

A

percentage of the population that must be immune to achieve herd immunity to a specific agent

51
Q

vertical modes of transportation

A

Parent to offspring

52
Q

horizontal mode of transportation

A

person to person

53
Q

four routes of horizontal transmission

A

direct/indirect contact, common vehicle, airborne, or vector-borne

54
Q

routes of vertical transmission

A

sperm, placenta, milk, or contact in the vaginal canal at birth

55
Q

Significant increase in a disease

A

epidemic

56
Q

Numbers of diseases within a population

A

endemic

57
Q

Outbreaks around the globe

A

pandemic

58
Q

the entry, development, and multiplication of the infectious agent in the susceptible host

A

infection

59
Q

possible outcomes of infection; may indicate physiologic dysfunction or pathologic reaction

A

disease

60
Q

time interval between invasion by an infectious agent and the first appearance of signs and symptoms of the disease

A

incubation period

61
Q

interval during which an infectious agent may be transferred directly or indirectly from an infected person to another person

A

communicable period

62
Q

a systemic epidemiological investigation can:

A

-Determine if there is a sudden increase in the incidence of a C D
-Define what constitutes a case
-Determine the severity of the outbreak - case fatality rate
-map out the epidemic curve
-generate a hypothesis
-conduct case finding
-determine common source of exposure
-identify source of transmission on take action
-isolate source
-how best to break the cycle

63
Q

Increase in emerging and reemerging communicable diseases:

A

Zika, Ebola, disease resistant Tuberculosis, polio

64
Q

transmission of TB

A

airborne droplets

65
Q

common symptoms of TB

A

Cough
fever
fatigue
hemoptysis
chest pains
weight loss

66
Q

cases and death from TB

A

12 million cases
1.3 million deaths

67
Q

treatment failure in TB

A

due to lack of client adherence, which can result in drug resistance. U.S. drug regimens include isoniazid and sometimes rifampin.

68
Q

goal for preventing and controlling communicable diseases

A

reduce prevalence and prevention

69
Q

roles of nurses in prevention and control of communicable diseases

A

Immunizations
Surveillance
Teaching controls
Prevention
Screening and treatment

70
Q

vaccine-preventable diseases**

A

Routine childhood immunization schedule
Measles
Rubella
Pertussis
Influenza

71
Q

an acute, highly contagious disease that, although considered a childhood illness, may be seen in the United States in adolescents and young adults.

A

measles

72
Q

virus causes a mild febrile disease with enlarged lymph nodes and a fine, pink rash that is often difficult to distinguish from measles or scarlet fever. In contrast to measles, rubella is only a moderately contagious illness.

A

Rubella (German measles)

73
Q

begins as a mild upper respiratory tract infection progressing to an irritating cough that within 1 to 2 weeks may become paroxysmal (a series of repeated violent coughs). Because of its cyclical nature, there are periodic outbreaks of pertussis.

A

pertussis (whooping cough)

74
Q

this viral respiratory tract infection often hard for people to distinguish from the common cold or other respiratory diseases – key: shot campaigns with symptom awareness

A

influenza

75
Q

Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases

A

Role of safe food preparation
Salmonellosis
Escherichia coli
Waterborne disease outbreaks and pathogens

76
Q

STI transmission

A

through sexual contact and exchange of bodily fluids; Preventable with Use barrier protection
more than 25 infectious agents

77
Q

harmful effects of STIs

A

Reproductive health problems
Fetal and perinatal health problems
Cancer (HPV), associated with the sexual transmission of HIV infection

78
Q

There are three notifiable STI’s that have federally funded control programs:

A

chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis

79
Q

associated with pelvic inflammatory disease and can be passed from mother to the infant during delivery

A

Chlamydia and gonorrhea

80
Q

syphilis staging cures

A

can be cured during the 1st stage; can be passed from mother to the infant during pregnancy or delivery.

81
Q

most commonly reported infectious disease

A

chlamydia

82
Q

vector-borne diseases

A

tick-borne diseases
lyme disease
rocky mountain spotted fever

83
Q

Usually occurs in the summer in rural and suburban areas of the northeast, mid-Atlantic, and north-central states, particularly Wisconsin and Minnesota

A

lyme disease

84
Q

Most commonly occurs in the southeast, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Missouri

A

rocky mountain spotted fever

85
Q

refer to illnesses for which the infectious agent is transmitted by a carrier, or vector, usually an arthropod (mosquito, tick, fly), either biologically or mechanically.

A

vector-borne disease

86
Q

an infection transmitted from a vertebrate animal to a human under natural conditions

A

zoonosis

87
Q

means of transmission of zoonoses

A

include animal bites (bats and rabies), inhalation (rodent excrement and hantavirus), ingestion (milk and listeriosis), direct contact (rabbit carcasses and tularemia), and insects.

88
Q

Highest case fatality rate of any known human infections, essentially 100%. Best protection remains vaccinating domestic animals (dogs, cats, cattle, and horses)

A

Rabies (hydrophobia)

89
Q

most common infection in United States, usually in schools, institutions, where overcrowding occurs

A

pinworm

90
Q

control and prevention of parasitic diseases

A

Early diagnosis
improved hygiene and vector control
education and environmental improvements

91
Q

parasites that live within the body

A

endoparasites

92
Q

endoparasites in four main groups:

A

nematodes (roundworms)
cestodes (tapeworms)
trematodes (flukes)
protozoa (single-celled animals).

93
Q

Health Care-Associated Infections

A

Transmitted or developed within a hospital or other health care setting
Transmitted between Clients, Health care workers, Visitors
MRSA (methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus)

94
Q

Communicable Disease and Nursing Practice

A

Nursing practice includes doing your part to prevent the spread of communicable disease
Preventative measures: Personal protective equipment, Proper cleaning of equipment, Preventing transmission to coworkers, self, and other patients
Understand communicable diseases at Individual and Population levels
Public and community health nurses are on the front lines of communicable disease management

Community Exam 3 (4 decks)

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