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Community Exam 3 > Epidemiology & communicable disease > Flashcards

Epidemiology & communicable disease Flashcards

1
Q

“the study of the occurrence and distribution of health-related states or events in specified populations, including the study of the determinants influencing such states, and the application of this knowledge to control the health problems.”

A

epidemiology

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2
Q

epidemiology includes:

A

communicable and chronic disease, mental health, occupational health and injuries

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3
Q

seeks to describe the distribution of health-related states and events in terms of person, place, and time.

A

descriptive epidemiology

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4
Q

focuses on investigation of causes and associations.

A

analytic epidemiology

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5
Q

is the broad consideration of many levels of potential determinants from different sources (systems approach).

A

ecologic approach

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6
Q

describes who has the disease; where and when it occurs.

A

distribution

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7
Q

occurs when the rate of disease, injury, or other condition exceeds the usual (endemic) level of that condition.

A

epidemic

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8
Q

Example of descriptive epidemiology

A

illustrating the current prevalence of ebola virus is Western Africa

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9
Q

Example of analytic epidemiology

A

when you are investigating the cause of an outbreak of vomiting and diarrhea after a large banquet and you test the food eaten - focuses on the determinants of health-related states and events.

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10
Q

is a measure of the frequency of a health event in different populations at certain periods

A

rate

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11
Q

is the probability that an event will occur within a specified period

A

risk

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12
Q

a measure that reflects the number of new cases or events in a population at risk during a specific time period

A

incidence

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13
Q

a measure of existing disease in a population at a particular time

A

prevalence

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14
Q

a measure of illness severity

A

morbidity rate

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15
Q

a measure of deaths

A

mortality rate

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16
Q

natural vs acquired immunity

A

natural = innate resistance
acquired = disease resistance from having a disease or vaccination

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17
Q

core epidemiologic functions**

A

Surveillance
Field investigations
Analytic studies
Evaluation

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18
Q

about the outcomes of an intervention or program under ‘ideal’ conditions, such as studying outcome in a research study

only measures the outcomes in the people who participate in the program.

A

efficacy

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19
Q

about the outcomes in ‘real world’ settings, such as when a program is implemented in a community or a clinical setting

A

effectiveness

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20
Q

the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data to help guide public health decision making and action.This happens through the collection and evaluation of morbidity and mortality reports and other relevant health information, the dissemination of these data, and their interpretation for public health decision making.

A

public health surveillance

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21
Q

provides information for action: it identifies disease trends and patterns, enables resource priorities to be decided, and lead to the planning of health programs as well as evaluation methods.**

A

surveillance

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22
Q

used to identify and describe the distribution and determinants of health-related states and events, as well of the efficacy, effectiveness, and efficiency of health intervention and health services

A

investigative functions

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23
Q

Causes of health-related stated and events

A

Identifying Risk factors for health-related stated and events

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24
Q

Address the role of epidemiological work in informing health policy and all levels

A

policy

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25
Emphasizes the importance of linkages across professions, organizations, governments, and other necessary parties
linkages
26
web of causality
A two-dimensional causal web that considers multiple levels of factors that affect health and disease
27
What might be the “spider” in web of causality
those larger factors and contexts that influence or create the causal web itself Poverty, discrimination, and other social determinants
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what is epidemiologic data
primary data from sources such as surveys and interviews; secondary data research findings and government dashboards
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ex of epidemiologic data
Surveys observations experiments questionnaires interviews. Government publications, websites, journal articles, internal records
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routinely collected data
Census data Vital records (birth and death certificates) Surveillance data as carried out by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
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Long-term patterns of morbidity or mortality rates (i.e., over years or decades)
secular trends Secular trends may reflect changes in social behavior or health practices
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Personal characteristics of interest in epidemiology include:
race, ethnicity, sex, age, education, occupation, income (and related socioeconomic status), and marital status.
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Place based characteristics are geographic:
how does the rate of disease differ from place to place (e.g., with local environment)
34
time based considerations
Is there an increase or decrease in the frequency of the disease over time? Are other temporal (and spatial) patterns evident? Temporal patterns of interest to epidemiologists relate to epidemics at singular or certain points in time, cyclical patterns (seasonal), and event-related clusters (such as a food borne illness event after a banquet).
35
analytic epidemiology
Cohort studies Case-control studies Cross-sectional studies Ecologic studies Ecologic fallacy
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Research issue is commonly the efficacy of a medical treatment for disease
clinical trials
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The issue is often health promotion and disease prevention rather than treatment of existing diseass
community trials
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Community-oriented epidemiology: Involves
observation, data collection, consultation, and interpretation
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A form of epidemiology in which lay people gather scientific data as well as mobilize knowledge and resources of experts to understand the occurrence and distribution of a disease or injury
Popular epidemiology
40
epidemiologic triangle**
environment agent host
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The method through which the agent leaves its reservoir and enters its host exs:
transmission Water, food, air, vectors, unprotected sexual contact, or penetrating wounds
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usually insects that carry the disease from the reservoir to humans
vectors
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Inanimate objects that can carry disease, such as a contaminated doorknob,
fomites
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transmission of communicable diseases
Agent, host, and environment Modes of transmission Disease development Disease spectrum Vectors fomites
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resistance to disease
immunity
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the ability of the host to withstand infection and it may involve natural (inborn) or acquired (from disease or vaccination) immunity
resistance
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likelihood of a human's risk of disease due to exposure to the disease agent
susceptibility
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the resistance of a group of people to an attack of disease to which a large proportion of the members of the group are immune
herd immunity
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The immunity of a population to an agent depends upon Having
large enough portion of the population immune (by vaccine or past infection) to prevent the spread of disease to persons in the population who do not have immunity.
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The threshold of immunity depends upon The
percentage of the population that must be immune to achieve herd immunity to a specific agent
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vertical modes of transportation
Parent to offspring
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horizontal mode of transportation
person to person
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four routes of horizontal transmission
direct/indirect contact, common vehicle, airborne, or vector-borne
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routes of vertical transmission
sperm, placenta, milk, or contact in the vaginal canal at birth
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Significant increase in a disease
epidemic
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Numbers of diseases within a population
endemic
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Outbreaks around the globe
pandemic
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the entry, development, and multiplication of the infectious agent in the susceptible host
infection
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possible outcomes of infection; may indicate physiologic dysfunction or pathologic reaction
disease
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time interval between invasion by an infectious agent and the first appearance of signs and symptoms of the disease
incubation period
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interval during which an infectious agent may be transferred directly or indirectly from an infected person to another person
communicable period
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a systemic epidemiological investigation can:
-Determine if there is a sudden increase in the incidence of a C D -Define what constitutes a case -Determine the severity of the outbreak - case fatality rate -map out the epidemic curve -generate a hypothesis -conduct case finding -determine common source of exposure -identify source of transmission on take action -isolate source -how best to break the cycle
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Increase in emerging and reemerging communicable diseases:
Zika, Ebola, disease resistant Tuberculosis, polio
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transmission of TB
airborne droplets
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common symptoms of TB
Cough fever fatigue hemoptysis chest pains weight loss
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cases and death from TB
12 million cases 1.3 million deaths
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treatment failure in TB
due to lack of client adherence, which can result in drug resistance. U.S. drug regimens include isoniazid and sometimes rifampin.
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goal for preventing and controlling communicable diseases
reduce prevalence and prevention
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roles of nurses in prevention and control of communicable diseases
Immunizations Surveillance Teaching controls Prevention Screening and treatment
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vaccine-preventable diseases**
Routine childhood immunization schedule Measles Rubella Pertussis Influenza
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an acute, highly contagious disease that, although considered a childhood illness, may be seen in the United States in adolescents and young adults.
measles
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virus causes a mild febrile disease with enlarged lymph nodes and a fine, pink rash that is often difficult to distinguish from measles or scarlet fever. In contrast to measles, rubella is only a moderately contagious illness.
Rubella (German measles)
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begins as a mild upper respiratory tract infection progressing to an irritating cough that within 1 to 2 weeks may become paroxysmal (a series of repeated violent coughs). Because of its cyclical nature, there are periodic outbreaks of pertussis.
pertussis (whooping cough)
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this viral respiratory tract infection often hard for people to distinguish from the common cold or other respiratory diseases – key: shot campaigns with symptom awareness
influenza
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Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases
Role of safe food preparation Salmonellosis Escherichia coli Waterborne disease outbreaks and pathogens
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STI transmission
through sexual contact and exchange of bodily fluids; Preventable with Use barrier protection more than 25 infectious agents
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harmful effects of STIs
Reproductive health problems Fetal and perinatal health problems Cancer (HPV), associated with the sexual transmission of HIV infection
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There are three notifiable STI’s that have federally funded control programs:
chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis
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associated with pelvic inflammatory disease and can be passed from mother to the infant during delivery
Chlamydia and gonorrhea
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syphilis staging cures
can be cured during the 1st stage; can be passed from mother to the infant during pregnancy or delivery.
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most commonly reported infectious disease
chlamydia
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vector-borne diseases
tick-borne diseases lyme disease rocky mountain spotted fever
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Usually occurs in the summer in rural and suburban areas of the northeast, mid-Atlantic, and north-central states, particularly Wisconsin and Minnesota
lyme disease
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Most commonly occurs in the southeast, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Missouri
rocky mountain spotted fever
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refer to illnesses for which the infectious agent is transmitted by a carrier, or vector, usually an arthropod (mosquito, tick, fly), either biologically or mechanically.
vector-borne disease
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an infection transmitted from a vertebrate animal to a human under natural conditions
zoonosis
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means of transmission of zoonoses
include animal bites (bats and rabies), inhalation (rodent excrement and hantavirus), ingestion (milk and listeriosis), direct contact (rabbit carcasses and tularemia), and insects.
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Highest case fatality rate of any known human infections, essentially 100%. Best protection remains vaccinating domestic animals (dogs, cats, cattle, and horses)
Rabies (hydrophobia)
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most common infection in United States, usually in schools, institutions, where overcrowding occurs
pinworm
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control and prevention of parasitic diseases
Early diagnosis improved hygiene and vector control education and environmental improvements
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parasites that live within the body
endoparasites
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endoparasites in four main groups:
nematodes (roundworms) cestodes (tapeworms) trematodes (flukes) protozoa (single-celled animals).
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Health Care-Associated Infections
Transmitted or developed within a hospital or other health care setting Transmitted between Clients, Health care workers, Visitors MRSA (methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus)
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Communicable Disease and Nursing Practice
Nursing practice includes doing your part to prevent the spread of communicable disease Preventative measures: Personal protective equipment, Proper cleaning of equipment, Preventing transmission to coworkers, self, and other patients Understand communicable diseases at Individual and Population levels Public and community health nurses are on the front lines of communicable disease management

Community Exam 3 (4 decks)

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