Epidemiology And Human Behaviour Flashcards
-It is the study of the distribution and determinants of diseases and injuries in human populations
-studies the patterns of disease occurrence in human populations and the factors that influence this pattern.
Epidemiology
Unexpected INCREASE IN THE NUMBER of DISEASE CASES in a SPECIFIC geographical area.
Epidemic
Disease outbreak that SPREADS ACROSS COUNTRIES or continents
Pandemic
A disease outbreak when it is consistently present but LIMITED TO A PARTICULAR REGION
Endemic
What is the goal of epidemiology
The ultimate goal is to use this knowledge control and PREVENT THE SPREAD OF DISEASE
Used to test hypothesis, require more resources and specialized knowledge
Analytical studies
Examine patterns of occurrence. Focus on place, person and time. Use relatively accessible data
Descriptive studies
It is the number of events in a given population over a specific period or at a guven point in time
Rates
The average annual number of births during a yr per 1000persons in the population at the mid yr
Crude birth rate
The number of new cases of a disease in a population at risk in a given time period
Incidence rate
The total number of cases of disease existing in a population
Prevalence rate
The proportion of those who became ill after specified exposure
Attack rate
The proportion of persons with a particular condition who die from that condition. The denominator is the number of incident cases; the numerator is the number of cause specific deaths among those cases
Case fatality rate
A policy which means thata even if a community has no reported case of any of the notifiable diseases or events, the health workers still have to report it as “zero case*
Zero cause reporting
It measure of the burden of disease and it reflects to the total amount of healthy life lost
DISABILITY ADJUSTED LIFE YEARS (DALYs)
Refers to the number of years a person lives
Life span
Refers to the number of yrs a person is EXPECTED TO LIVE from a specified starting point
Life expectancy
Field health service information system or FHSIS is example of
Surveillance report
A method of gathering any type of information or data from a sample of individuals. By sample it is a meant that the data is only taked from a portion of the total population under study
Surveys
It is counting of data gathered from the entire population. It is a regularly occurring aand official count of the human population of a certain local administrative unit
Census
According to bandura people’s behaviour are driven by external factos and not by inner factors
Behaviour change
It suggests that behaviour is dependent on one’s intention to perform the behaviour
Theory of planned behaviour
Determinants of intention
-individuals attitude
- subjective norms
- individual’s perceived behavioural control
The stage in which people are not intending to make a change in the near future (often defined as the next 6 months)
Precontemplation
The stage where people intend to change(withtin the next 6months). People in this stage are aware of the pros of changing but also can identify the cons
Contemplation
Represents the stage where people have a plan of action and intend to take action in the immediate future
Preparation
The stage in which people make the behaviour change
Action
Represents the stage where people work to prevent relapse
Maintenance
Represents that stage where individuals have 100 percent efficacy and will maintain their behaviour. This is the most difficult to maintain. So many people remain a life time in maintenance
Termination
Increasing awareness of the causes(providing educational materials, confrontation, media campaigns, feedback, etc)
Consciousness-raising
Producing an emotional experience which is followed by a reduced affect is some action can be taken (personal testimonies, media campaigns, drama)
Dramatic relief
Inviting individuals to make cognitive and emotional assesments of their self image(clarify values, provide healthy models, using imagery)
Self re evaluation
Assessments of how the presence or absence of a behaviour might impact one’s social environment( documentaries, personal stories, family interventions)
Environmental re evaluation
A danger or a harmful event of which people may or may not be aware
Threat
Emotional arousal caused by perceiving as significant and personally relevant threat
Fear
Perception that a recommended response will prevent the threat from happening
Response efficency
An individuals perception of or confidence in their ability to perform a recommended response
Barriers
Positive consequences of performing recommended response
Benefits
What an individual thinks other people think they should do
Subjective norms
An individuals evaluation of beliefs about a recommended response
Attitudes
An individuals plans to carry out the recommended response
Intentions
External or internal factors that help individuals make decisions abbout a response
Cues to action
When and individual reacts against a recommended response
Reactance
An individuals plans to carry out the recommended response
Intentions
External or iternal factors that help individuals make decisions about the response
Cues to action
