Epidemiology and Clinical Research

Question 1

internally valid results vs externally valid

Answer 1

internally valid, which means the study methods and analysis are appropriate for drawing conclusions about the study
population.
* Good research is also externally valid, which means the study findings can be generalized or applied to other people or settings.

Question 2

what is bias in an experiment

Answer 2

Bias describes the systematic error between the study results and the
real result in the population.

Question 3

what is selection bias

Answer 3

Selection bias
* Errors in inclusion, recruitment or retention.

Question 4

what is information bias

Answer 4

Information bias
* Errors in assessment or measurement.
* Flawed data collection procedures.

Question 5

analytical bias

Answer 5

Analytical bias
* Confounding variables or selecting the wrong method for comparison

Question 6

what is a descriptive study

Answer 6

Descriptive studies describe an
exposure and/or an outcome.

Question 7

what is a analytic study

Answer 7

Analytic studies provide a
measurement of association
between the exposure and the
outcome.

Question 8

what is a experimental study

Answer 8

Experimental studies test a
hypothesis using an intervention
to look at the relationship between
exposure and outcome.

Question 9

what is a case study

Answer 9

A case study or case report is an
in-depth or intensive study of a
single individual or specific group.

Question 10

what is a case series

Answer 10

a group of smaller case studies

Question 11

when do u use a case study

Answer 11

To describe an atypical presentation with a detailed and comprehensive
description. it cannot be generlized to a population. alows for detialed investigation into a situation where a different study design wouldn’t work.

Question 12

what is a cross section study. what is its flaw

Answer 12

can be used to examine the prevalence or exposure of the outcome
-vulnerable to participation bias

Question 13

when do you use a cross sectional study

Answer 13

To answer questions about the incidence or prevalence of a condition.
* Frequency: How common is the outcome (disease, risk factor, etc.)?
* Aetiology: What risk factors are associated with these outcomes?
* Diagnosis: Does the new test perform as well as the ‘gold standard’?
* To investigate multiple variables at the same time, such as gender, age,
health conditions, access to services, etc.
* Can infer a relationship or correlation but cannot identify causality

Question 14

case control study

Answer 14

In a case-control study, researchers compare individuals with a specific condition (cases) to those without the condition (controls) in order to identify factors or exposures that may be associated with the development of the condition

Question 15

what is a cohort study

Answer 15

Starts with selection of a group of participants from one population who are free of the outcome but have the potential to develop that outcome.
* Participants are observed over time and the incidence of disease is compared between an exposed group and an unexposed group.
* Only correlational. Unlike randomized control trials, there is no intervention, treatment or exposure administered to the participants.