Epidemiology and Biostatistics Review Flashcards
Epidemiology is the study of:
(1) of the distribution and determinants of health related states and events in specified populations.
(2) The distribution and determinants of diseases in global population.
(3) The data-driven study of the distribution and determinants of health related states and events.
Epidemiology is the study of (1) The distribution and determinants of health related states and events in the specified populations.
When studying something from an epidemiological approach, the FIRST thing to address is the:
(1) Clinical question
(2) results
(3) data
(4) conclusions
(1) Clinical question
Experimental studies involve:
1) Randomized clinical trials.
(2) descriptive (hypothesis forming
(3) analytic (hypothesis testinG)
Experimental studies involve (1) randomized clinical trials.
Observational studies include:
1) Randomized clinical trials
(2) descriptive studies (hypothesis forming
(3) analytic studies (hypothesis testing)
Observational studies include (2) descriptive studies and (3) analytic studies.
Case reports, case series, cross sectional studies, cast control studies and cohort studies are all examples of:
(1) pooled data
(2) experimental data
(3) observational data
(3) observational data
Randomized clinical trials are examples of:
(1) pooled data
(2) experimental data
(3) observational data
(2) experimental data
Systematic reviews and meta-analysis are both examples of pooled data.
True.
The type of study that is the most valid, but least feasible
(1) analytical study, RCT
(2) observational study, case-control.
(3) descriptive study, case report
The type of study that is the most valid, but least feasible is (1) analytical study, RCT
The type of study that is the least valid but most feasible is:
(1) descriptive study, ecologic study
(2) analytical study, retrospective cohort study
(3) descriptive study, case report
The type of study that is the least valid but most feasible is (3) descriptive study, case report.
The main advantage of a case report (descriptive study) is:
(1) it is randomized
(2) it is controlled for bias
(3) it is ideal for rare diseases or unusual events.
(4) It does not formulate hypotheses.
The main advantage of a case report (descriptive study) is:
(3) it is ideal for rare diseases or unusual events.
An ecologic study is a study of a groupo characteristic. Its disadvantage is:
(1) IT cannot compare disease frequencies.
(2) It does not allow for trend analysis.
(3) Ecologic fallacy - cannot describe individual characteristic.
An ecologic study is a study of a group characteristic. Its disadvantage is (3) ecologic fallacy - cannot describe an individual characteristic.
A cross sectional study is used to:
Investigate the etiology of a disease AND measure exposure and outcome simultaneously.
A cross sectional study is able to:
(1) show the prevalence of disease.
(2) establish a temporal relationship
(3) Measure incidence
A cross sectional study is able to (1) show the prevalence of disease.
T/F: analytic epidemiological studies include a comparison group.
True.
T/F: comparison is key in epidemiology.
True.
The type of study that has disadvantages of selection bias, cannot determine incidence and there is incomplete information on exposure.
Case-Control Study
When selecting cases for a study:
(1) Criteria for case definition does not have to lead to accurate classification of disease.
(2) Cases must be chosen independently of exposure.
(3) Cases can only be from hospital data.
When selecting cases for a study, (2) cases must be chosen independently of exposure.
The type of study where individuals with an exposure of interest are compared; and incidence and relative risk can be determined.
Cohort study.
Relative risk is the:
Ratio of the incidence rate of disease or health outcome in the EXPOSED group to the incidence rate of disease or health condition in the unexposed group.
T/F: randomization eliminates chance imbalance in prognostic variables, especially in small samples, but does equally distribute chance imbalance.
True.
Bias is the systematic deviation from the underlying truth because of a feature of the design or conduct of a research study.
True.
Blindness eliminates __.
Bias.
A double blind study is:
Blindness of the patient/participant and the valuator.
The type of bias that eliminates bias the most:
triple-blind bias.
Blindness is always possible, and treatment allocation does not affect blindness.
False.
A disadvantage to a randomized clinical trial is:
Internal validity may not generalize if too focused.
