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Virology > Epidemiology > Flashcards

Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

Virus epidemiology

A

The study of determinants, frequency, dynamics, and distribution

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2
Q

Why study epidemiology of viral diseases

A

Risk of infection and/or disease in an animal or population determined by:

  • characteristics of virus (genetic variation from evolution)
  • Host and host pop (passive, innate, acquired resistance)
  • behavioral, environmental, ecological factors that affect virus transmission from one host to another
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3
Q

Role of epidemiology in viral diseases

A

Identify and/or clarify role of viruses in etiology of diseases
Understand interaction of viruses with environmental determinants of disease
Determining factors affecting host susceptibility
Studying impacts of viral disease on health, economy, and society
Unraveling modes of viral disease transmission
Studying role of infectious pathogens in pathogenesis of chronic non communicable diseases
Large scale testing of vaccines and drugs

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4
Q

How that helps

A

Advancing our understanding of nature of diseases
Alerting and directing disease treatment, control, and prevention activities
Providing early warning systems and tracking the disease
Assessment of economic and social impacts of a disease
Assessment of the efficacy and cost of disease control and prevention programs

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5
Q

Case fatality rate

A

Number (%) of deaths among the clinically ill animals

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6
Q

Mortality rate

A

Number (%) of animals in a population that die from a particular disease over a specified time period

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7
Q

Morbidity rate

A

Percentage of animals in a population that develop CS attributable to a particular virus over a defined period of time (commonly the duration of the outbreak)

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8
Q

Incidence

A

The number of new cases that occur in a population over specified period of time
Measure of the occurrence of infection or disease in a pop over time.

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9
Q

Prevalence

A

Number of occurrences of disease (old and new), infection, or relating attributes (antibodies) in a pap at particular point in time

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10
Q

Sporadic viral diseases

A

Viral diseases occurring occasionally, singly, or in scattered instances, and in an irregular and haphazard manner

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11
Q

Enzootic viral diseases (endemic in humans)

A

Constant presence of a viral disease within a given geographic area or population group

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12
Q

Epizootic viral diseases (epidemic in humans)

A

Occurrence of more cases of viral diseases than expected in a given area or among a specific group of people/animals over a particular period of time
refers to peaks in disease incidence that exceed that endemic/enzootic baseline or expected incidence of disease

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13
Q

Panzootic viral diseases (pandemic in humans)

A

Virus epidemic occurring over a very wide area (several countries or continents) and usually affecting large proportion of the population

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14
Q

Asymptomatic carrier

A

Animals that have contracted an infectious viral disease, but display no clinical symptoms

  • shed virus, transmitting disease to others
  • shedding of virus may be continuous or intermittent
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15
Q

Contagious disease

A

Disease that is spread from on person or organism to another by direct or indirect contact

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16
Q

Period of contagiousness

A

Time during which an infected animal sheds virus

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17
Q

Exotic disease

A

Disease not known to occur in a particular country of geographical area

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18
Q

Methods to study epidemiology of viruses- Seroepidemiology

A

Simply denotes the use of serological data as the basis of epidemiological investigation, as determined by diagnostic serological techniques

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19
Q

Methods to study epidemiology of viruses- Molecular epidemiology of viruses

A

The use of molecular biological data as the basis of epidemiological investigation of viral diseases

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20
Q

Transmission of viruses

A 
Horizontal 
-Contact: direct and indirect
-Vector: mechanical and biological
-Vehicle borne
-Iatrogenic
-Nosocomial
Vertical
21
Q

Horizontal (lateral) transmission

A

Spread of an infectious agent from one person/animal or group to another person/animal or group
Most are transmitted this way

22
Q

Contact transmission

A

Spread of infectious agent by direct or indirect contact

23
Q

Direct contact transmission

A

Involves actual physical contact between an infected animal and a susceptible animal (rubbing, licking, biting)
Also includes sexual contact

24
Q

Droplet transmission

A

Direct-contact
Transmission of virus in droplet nuclei (saliva or mucus) that travel less than 1 meter from the source to the susceptible host

25
Q

Indirect contact transmission

A

Occurs via fomites, such as shared eating containers, bedding, etc

26
Q

Fomite

A

Inanimate object or substance that is contaminated with infectious agent and is capable of transmitting infectious organisms from one individual to another

27
Q

Airborne transmission

A

Indirect
Spread of infectious agents by droplet nuclei in dust that travel more than on meter sometimes for miles, from the infected to the susceptible host

28
Q

Vector transmission

A

Athropod-borne

Athropod vectors carry viruses from infected host to susceptible host

29
Q

Mechanical transmission

A

Passive transport of the infectious agent on the feet or other body parts of the arthropod vector

30
Q

Biological transmission

A

Infectious agent undergoes either a necessary part of its life cycle, or multiplication, in the vector before transmission to susceptible host

31
Q

Arboviruses

A

Class of viruses transmitted to humans by arthropods such as mosquitos and ticks

32
Q

Enzootic transmission cycle

A

Sylvatic/jungle cycle

Natural transmission of virus between wild animals/birds (vertebrate hosts) and primary insect vectors

33
Q

Epizootic transmission cycle

A

Rural cycle

Virus is transmitted between non-wild or domestic animals and the primary or accessory insect vectors

34
Q

Urban transmission cycle

A

Virus cycles between humans and insect vectors

35
Q

Amplifying host

A

In which the level of virus can become high enough that an insect vector such as a mosquito that feeds on it will probably become infectious

36
Q

Dead-end host/incidental host

A

Host from which infectious agents are not transmitted to other susceptible hosts
Do not develop sufficient viremia to be picked up by the insect vectors

37
Q

Common-vehicle transmission

A

Includes fecal contamination of food and water supplies (fecal oral transmission) and virus contaminated meat or bone products

38
Q

Iatrogenic transmission

A

Infection that is transferred during medical or surgical practice
2 ways:
-intro of pathogens by contaminated instruments (non-sterile surgical instruments, syringes) or contaminated body surface (inadequate handwashing)
-intro of pathogen through contaminated prophylactic therapeutic prep

39
Q

Nosocomial transmission

A

While an animal is in a vet hospital or clinic

Hospital acquired infection

40
Q

Vertical transmission

A

Usually used to describe infection that is transferred from dam to embryo, fetus, or newborn before, during, or shortly after parturition (colostrum, milk, or fecal contamination of teats)

41
Q

Zoonosis

A

Describes infections that are transmissible from animals to humans

42
Q

Physical stability of virus

A

Viruses that are transferred by respiratory route have low environmental stability,
Transmitted fecal-ral have higher

43
Q

Herd immunity

A

Occurs when the vaccination fo a significant large portion of a population provides measure of protection for individuals who have not developed immunity

44
Q

Incubation period

A

Interval between infection and onset of CS

Many diseases have period during which animals are infectious before becoming sick

45
Q

Prodromal period

A

First signs and feelings of illness after incubation period
Period of early symptoms of a disease occurring after incubation period and just before appearance of the characteristic symptoms of disease

46
Q

Acute period

A

When disease is at its height

severe CS

47
Q

Decline period

A

Period when CS begin to subside

48
Q

Convalescent period

A

Body gradually returns to pre-diseases state, and health restored

Virology (28 decks)

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