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Community Medicine > Epidemiology > Flashcards

Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of Community Medicine ?

A

It’s the study of Health and disease in the population of defined community in order to identify their health needs, and to plan, implement and evaluate health programs to meet these needs based on research and evidence and application of the same for further development.

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2
Q

What is Public Health ?

A

it’s the Science and art of Promoting Health, Preventing Disease and prolonging healthy life.

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3
Q

What is Preventive Medicine?

A

it’s the application of preventive measures to promote health, and prevent disease, disability and premature death.

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4
Q

What is Global Health ?

A

it’s the area of study,research and practice on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide.

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5
Q

What is the definition of Health?

A

A state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing not merely absence of disease of infirmity.

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6
Q

What is the definition of Epidemiology ?

A

It’s the study of the Distribution and Determinants of health-related states and events in defined populations and the application of this study to control health problems.

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7
Q

What is Descriptive Epidemiology ?

A

It’s the description of the disease by Person, Time and Place

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8
Q

What is the Definition of Ecology ?

A

It’s the study of the relationship of organisms to each other as well as to all other aspects of the environment.

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9
Q

What is a Carrier ?

A

It’s an infected person/animal that harbors specific infectious agents without showing signs and symptoms of the disease and serve as a potential source of infection.

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10
Q

What is Chemoprophylaxis ?

A

It’s the administration of chemicals to prevent development of infection or progression of an infection into an active manifested disease.

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11
Q

What is the Incubation period ?

A

It’s the time interval between exposure of an infectious agent till the appearance of the 1st sign and symptom of the disease.

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12
Q

What is the Definition of Epidemic?

A

It’s the occurrence in a community or region of cases of illness clearly in excess of normal expectancy.

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13
Q

What is the Definition of Pandemic?

A

It’s an epidemic occurring over a wide geographic area.

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14
Q

What is the Definition of Endemic ?

A

Endemic is the constant presence of a disease or infection agent within a given geographic area.

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15
Q

What is the meaning of Period Communicability ?

A

It’s the time during which the causative agent maybe transmitted directly or indirectly from reservoir of infection to susceptible host.

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16
Q

What’s a Reservoir ?

A

It’s a place of depot, where the infectious agent survives, grow or multiply and transmitted directly or indirectly to a new susceptible host.

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17
Q

What is the meaning of Surveillance?

A

1- ongoing,
2- systemic collection,
3-monitoring,
4- summarization,
5- analysis,
6- and interpretation of data of disease occurrence.
it’s important for effective control and prevention of disease.

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18
Q

virulence is …… ???

A

the degree of pathogenicity of infectious agent.

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19
Q

What do we mean by Rate of Morbidity ?

A

It’s the frequency of a disease expressed per unit of size of population during a specified period of time.

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20
Q

What do we mean by Morbidity Ratio ?

A

It’s the number of affected person relative to the number of unaffected persons. Not relative to the total population.

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21
Q

What do we mean by Morbidity Proportion?

A

It’s the number of cases of disease relative to the total number of cases of all diseases.

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22
Q

Incidence rate of morbidity means … ?

A

The number of NEW cases of a disease on a population over a period of time.

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23
Q

What is an Attack Rate ?

A

It’s the incidence for a particular group during a limited period of time under certain circumstances. “during outbreaks”.

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24
Q

Point Prevalence is the …. ?

A

number of cases present at a specific moment of time.

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25
Q

Period Prevalence is …. ?

A

the prevalence during a specific period of time.

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26
Q

Crude rates are …. ?

A

rates that apply to an entire population, without taking in account any characteristics of the individual.

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27
Q

What is the definition of Screening?

A

Screening is the presumptive identification of unrecognized disease or defect by the application of tests, examinations, or other procedures which can be applied rapidly to sort out apparently well persons who probably have a disease from those who probably don’t.

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28
Q

What is correlation “ecologic” studies ?

A

It’s the study that describes the disease or mortality of the whole population in relation to diet consumption, smoking ..etc.

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29
Q

Case report is … ?

A

a careful and detailed report of a single case by one or more physicians. it describes a clinical observation which is usually interesting or unusual variation of the disease.

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30
Q

What’s a Case Series ?

A

It’s as a case report but for a group of similar cases not only for one case.
it describes characteristics of number of patients with a given disease.

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31
Q

What is a cross sectional study/prevalence study?

A

It’s a study that measure both exposure to risk factor and occurrence of disease at one point of time.

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32
Q

What is the definition of Infection ?

A

It’s the entry, development and multiplication of an infectious agent in the body of human being or animal.

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33
Q

What is an Infectious disease?

A

It’s a disease of man or animal resulting from infection with a pathogen.

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34
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

It’s an illness caused by an infecting agent or it’s product which can be transmitted directly or indirectly from the reservoir to a susceptible host.

35
Q

What is the difference between Infection and Disease?

A

Infection: being a state of parasitism.
Disease: being a manifestation or appearance of symptoms after infection.

36
Q

What is the meaning of Infectivity?

A

It’s the ability of the viable organism to invade the host causing infection.

37
Q

What is the meaning of pathogenicity?

A

It’s the ability of the agent to produce tissue reaction in the host due to the organism itself or its toxins.

38
Q

What is the meaning of virulence ?

A

It’s the measure of the reaction produced by an infectious agent.

39
Q

What is the meaning of antigenicity/immunogenicity ?

A

It’s the ability of agent to produce antibodies in the host.

40
Q

What is a Reservoir?

A

It’s an organic matter in which in infectious agent lives and multiplies in such a manner that can be transmitted to man.

41
Q

What is the definition of a Transient carrier?

A

A transient carrier ia a carrier that harbors and excrete the infectious organism up to few days or few weeks.

42
Q

What is the definition of a temporary carrier?

A

A temporary carrier is a carrier that harbors and excrete the infectious organism up to 6-12 months.

43
Q

What is the definition of a chronic carrier?

A

A chronic carrier is a carrier that harbors and excrete the infectious organism more than one year.

44
Q

What is the definition of a permanent carrier?

A

A permanent carrier is a carrier that harbors and excrete the infectious organism for life.

45
Q

What is the definition of an incubatory carrier?

A

An incubatory carrier is a carrier that harbors and excrete the infectious organism during the incubational period.

46
Q

What is the definition of a contact carrier?

A

A contact carrier is a healthy carrier that gives history of being in contact-ship with an infected person.

47
Q

What is the definition of a convalescent carrier?

A

A convalescent carrier is the person who serves as a source of pathogen shortly after recovery from a clinical attack.

48
Q

What is the definition of a post-convalescent carrier?

A

A post-convalescent carrier is the person who remains to serve as a source of infection for long period after complete cure from the clinical disease.

49
Q

What is a source of infection?

A

A source of infection is the articles,person, subject or substance from which infectious agent pass immediately to a host.

50
Q

What is the definition of a Host?

A

A host is defined as Any susceptible man or animal potentially exposed to infective organisms.

51
Q

What is a resistance?

A

Resistance is the power of the body to prevent the ding pathogen from establishing itself.

52
Q

What is a natural resistance ?

A

It is non-specific resistance of the body against invading organisms which does not depend on the presence of specific antibodies for protection but depends on the natural process present in the body.

53
Q

What is Acquired resistance /Immunity?

A

It’s the resistance of the body due to specifically developed antibodies.

54
Q

What is the definition of an Active acquired resistance?

A

Active immunity is the type of immunity in which the person develops his own antibodies.

55
Q

What is the definition of a Natural Active acquired resistance?

A

It’s the resistance due to developing of antibodies as a result of contracting action weather in the form of frank illness or sub-clinical action, it may last for long,moderate or short period.

56
Q

What is Artificial Active acquired resistance?

A

This type of immunity is produced by active immunization.

It’s the immunity in the body by giving specific antigens that provoke the development of antibodies by the body.

57
Q

What is a Natural passive acquired immunity?

A

It’s the resistance of the fetus due to presence of antibodies passed from mother to infant through placenta.

58
Q

What is a Artificial passive acquired immunity?

A

It’s the immunity induced by injecting immune serum or gamma globulin,it’s of short duration remaining about 3 weeks during which the antibodies given are gradually eliminated.

59
Q

What is vaccination?

A

It’s the administration of the attenuated or dead infective agents or some of its products, for the purpose of increasing the resistance to infection.

60
Q

What’s the meaning of Attenuation?

A

Loss of pathogenicity of the micro-orginism without affecting it’s power of multiplication and it’s antigenicity.

61
Q

What is a killed vaccines?

A

These contain killed organisms, by heating, chemicals, formalin, or other means.

62
Q

What do we mean by Immunization by inoculation of the products ?

A

Toxins of the agent after being detoxified while their antigenicity is retained.

63
Q

What do we mean by conjugated vaccines ?

A

These are vaccines formulated by chemically linking sugar chains derived from the pathogen to a protein backbone.

64
Q

What’s a polysaccharide vaccine ?

A

These are vaccines based on sugar components derived from surface structures of the infectious agent.

65
Q

What is a Recombinant vaccine?

A

DNA encoding antigenic determinants can be isolated and cloned in bacteria and yeast.

66
Q

What’s a herd immunity ?

A

It’s a type of immunity that occurs when the vaccination of a portion of the population provides protection to unprotected.

67
Q

What’s the definition of control ?

A

It’s the reduction of disease Incidence. prevalence, morbidity or mortality to a locally acceptable level as a result of deliberate efforts.

68
Q

What’s the meaning of Elimination of Disease ?

A

Reduction to zero of the incidence of a specified disease in a defined geographical area as a result of deliberate efforts.

69
Q

What’s the meaning of Eradication of Disease ?

A

Permanent reduction to zero of of the worldwide incidence of infection caused by a specific agent s a result of deliberate efforts.

70
Q

What’s the meaning of Extinction of Disease ?

A

The specific infectious agent is no longer exist in nature or in the laboratory.

71
Q

What do we mean by Notification ?

A

Notification Is the reporting of the disease to appropriate health authorities.

72
Q

What is a Local notification ?

A

It’s the collection of the basic data in the local community where the disease occur.

73
Q

What is a Regional notification ?

A

Data assembled and collected at district or regional level.

74
Q

What is a national notification ?

A

Headquarters receive reports form all regions.

75
Q

What is a WHO notification ?

A

Report from the national health authority to the WHO.

76
Q

What is Quaternary prevention ?

A

It’s the action taken to identify patients at risk of over-medication, to protect them form new medical invasion, and to suggest to them intervention.

77
Q

What’s PPIP?

“Put Prevention Into Practice”

A

It’s the implementation arm for AHRQ Guide, providing resources for patients and providers to increase the delivery of clinical preventive services.

78
Q

what’s the definition of Periodic medical examination?

A

It’s the medical examination of persons who have no medical complaints.

79
Q

What’s a cold chain system ?

A

Is a means for storing and transporting vaccines in a potent state from the manufacturer to the person being immunized.

80
Q

What is a Cold chain monitor ?

A

It’s a monitor used to monitor the temperature of vaccine and to warm of excessive heat exposure during national and international transportation and storage of vaccine.

81
Q

What is a Vaccine vial monitor ?

A

It’s a label containing a heat-sesitive material which is placed on a vaccine vial to register cumulative heat exposure over time.

82
Q

What’s a freeze watch ?

A

It’s an irreversible temperature indicator.

83
Q

What’s a cohort study ?

A

It’s a study in which exposed group and non-exposed group are followed over time to determine who develops the disease of interest.

84
Q

What’s the definition of Bias ?

A

It’s a systemic distortion from true.

Community Medicine (3 decks)

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