epidemiology

Question 1

what is infection?

Answer 1

The entry, multiplication, and spread of a pathogen into the human or animal body is called infection
چوونە ژوورەوە و زۆربوون و بڵاوبوونەوەی ماددەیەکی نەخۆشخواز بۆ ناو جەستەی مرۆڤ یان ئاژەڵ پێی دەوترێت هەوکردن

Question 2

does infection always lead to disease?

Answer 2

The body responds to infections, but an infection does not always lead to disease
جەستە وەڵامی هەوکردنەکان دەداتەوە، بەڵام هەوکردنێک هەمیشە نابێتە هۆی نەخۆشی

Question 3

what is communicable disease?
نەخۆشی گوازراوە چییە؟

Answer 3

Diseases are those that occur as a result of a pathogen or its toxic products and it can be transferred from human to human, animal to animal, or from environment to human or animal
نەخۆشیەکان ئەوانەن کە لە ئەنجامی ماددەیەکی نەخۆشخواز یان بەرهەمە ژەهراویەکانی ڕوودەدەن

Question 4

what is infestation?
پەتاکردن چییە؟

Answer 4

Replacement, reproduction and expansion of the arthropod on the surface of the body or gastrointestinal tract is called Infestation.
گۆڕین و زاوزێکردن و فراوانبوونی جومگەپێیەکان لەسەر ڕووی جەستە یان کۆئەندامی هەرس پێی دەوترێت Infestation.

Question 5

Opportunistic Infections
هەوکردنە هەلپەرستەکان

Answer 5

These infections occur in the context of immunosuppression
ئەم هەوکردنانە لە چوارچێوەی سەرکوتکردنی بەرگریدا ڕوودەدەن

Question 6

Nosocomial Infections
هەوکردنی نەخۆشخانەیی

Answer 6

For example: urinary tract infections caused by catheters, Infections after surgery …

Question 7

what is Iatrogenic Diseases?

Answer 7

Diseases that are caused by diagnostic, therapeutic, or preventative measures taken by a doctor or other health care staff and cause a defect, disability, disability, or death.
ئەو نەخۆشیانەی کە بەهۆی ڕێوشوێنی دەستنیشانکردن، چارەسەرکردن، یان خۆپارێزی کە لەلایەن پزیشک یان کارمەندانی تری چاودێری تەندروستیەوە گیراوەتەبەر و دەبنە هۆی کەموکوڕی، کەمئەندامی، کەمئەندامی، یان مردن.

Question 8

zoonoses

Answer 8

An infection that is transmitted from vertebrate to humans under normal conditions.

Question 9

what is Notifiable Diseases?
نەخۆشییە ئاگادارکراوەکان چییە؟

Answer 9

Diseases are those whose occurrence is so important to public health that they must be reported to health officials by telephone, fax, or in writing.
نەخۆشیەکان ئەوانەن کە ڕوودانیان هێندە گرنگە بۆ تەندروستی گشتی کە دەبێت لە ڕێگەی تەلەفۆن، فاکس، یان بە نووسراو ڕاپۆرت بدرێت بە بەرپرسانی تەندروستی.

Question 10

Eradication
بنبڕکردن

Answer 10

Eradication is the complete severance of the transmission chain through the elimination of the pathogen in nature.
Eradication is an absolute phenomenon and subject to the law of all or nothing.
بنبڕکردن بریتییە لە پچڕانی تەواوەتی زنجیرەی گواستنەوە لە ڕێگەی نەهێشتنی ماددە نەخۆشخوازەکە لە سروشتدا.
بنبڕکردن دیاردەیەکی ڕەهایە و ملکەچی یاسای هەموو یان هیچە.
جیابوونەوەی تەواوەتی

Question 11

Elimination
نەهێشتن

Answer 11

The reduce the incidence of the disease in such a way that it is close to the eradication.

Question 12

Factors affecting the epidemiology of diseases

Answer 12

Latency period ماوەی شاراوەیی
Infection period ژەمی پیسکەر
Contaminant dose ژەمی پیسکەر
Severity of infectionتوندی تووشبوون
Safety status دۆخی سەلامەتی
Pattern of community movement
Health culture
Ways of transmission
Transfer mode
Favorable factors هۆکاری لەبار
Age
Sex
Marital status باری هاوسەرگیری
Job
Season
Geographical distribution
Reservoir خەزن
Source
Race پێشبڕکێ
Religion ئایین

Question 13

1\ Age

Answer 13

neonatal تازەلەدایکبووان
infantile کۆرپەیی
childhood منداڵی
Adolescence and youth هەرزەکاری و گەنجی
Ageing پیربوون

Question 14

neonatal

Answer 14

> Resistance to some diseases such as measles for up to 6 months due to IgG transmission from mother to neonatal
ەرگری بەرامبەر هەندێک نەخۆشی وەک سورێژە بۆ ماوەی ٦ مانگ بەهۆی گواستنەوەی IgG لە دایکەوە بۆ تازەلەدایکبوو
Incidence of intrauterine diseases (CROTCHS):
Coxsackie “B“
Rubella
Other such as: Chickenpox - Listeriosis and …
Toxoplasmosis
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes simplex
Syphilis

Question 15

infantile

Answer 15

Haemophilus influenzae (otitis media)
Viral diarrhea
Respiratory diseases (Roseola infantil) and …

Question 16

childhood

Answer 16

Febrile rash diseases such as: chicken pox, measles, rubella, scarlet fever, etc., especially in developing countries
نەخۆشی پەڵەی تاو وەک: کۆکە، سورێژە، ڕوبێلا، تای سوور و هتد، بەتایبەتی لە وڵاتانی تازەپێگەیشتودا
Streptococcal sore throats
Impetigo
Parasitic diseases of the intestine
Hepatitis A

Question 17

Adolescence and youth:

Answer 17

For example: AIDS - Gonorrhea - Syphilis - Chlamydial urethritis - Candidiasis vaginitis (married women) Genital herpes - and …

Question 18

Ageing

Answer 18

Diseases due to immunosuppression in old age such as:
tuberculosis
Respiratory diseases such as: lung abscess due to aspiration of food - Bronchopneumonia, Chronic bronchitis- Bronchiectasis
UTI
Zona

Question 19

2\ Gender

Answer 19

female
male

Question 20

female:

Answer 20

> Diseases for women:
Mastitis هەوکردنی مەمک - vaginitis - vulvovaginitis هەوکردنی کۆئەندامی زاوزێ salpingitis - and ovaritis هەوکردنی هێلکەدان
Further epidemiological prevalence:
بڵاوبوونەوەی زیاتری پەتازان:
Asymptomatic gonorrhea and syphilis in women - Amoebiasis in pregnant women and …

Question 21

Male:

Answer 21

> Male diseases:
Orchitis - prostatitis and epididymitis
Further epidemiological prevalence:
Neonatal tetanus (99% in boys) - Hepatitis leading to liver cancer - Amoebic liver abscess - Some male occupational infections such as meningitis in miners - and …

Question 22

Marriage State

Answer 22

Married:
Chlamydial Infection
Candidiasis Vaginitis
STD

Question 23

Vocation Effects

Answer 23

> Health careers:
Farmers and gardeners:
Jobs dealing with livestock and livestock products:
Occupations dealing with birds and poultry:
Those who deal with aquatic animals:
Political advisers:

Question 24

Health careers:

Answer 24

Hepatitis (surgeons - nurses - laboratory dentists, etc.)

Cutaneous tuberculosis (pathologists during autopsy
Respiratory diseases such as SARS (nurses, etc.)

Question 25

Farmers and gardeners:

Answer 25

Tetanus
Soil fungal diseases
Staphylococcal infections
Hookworm and …

Question 26

Jobs dealing with livestock and livestock products:

Answer 26

Butchers قەساب , veterinarians, traditional dairies, tanners, ranchers, shepherds, etc. Toxoplasmosis - Lactating nodules - Anthrax are fungal diseases.

These occupations are more prone to diseases such as brucellosis, hydatid cyst, normal warts, toxoplasmosis, lactating nodules, anthrax, fungal diseases

Question 27

Occupations dealing with birds and poultry:
پیشەکانی مامەڵەکردن لەگەڵ باڵندە و پەلەوەر:

Answer 27

These are most commonly infected with diseases such as psittacosis, avian influenza, toxoplasmosis, salmonellosis, and staphylococcal infections.

Question 28

Those who deal with aquatic animals:
ئەوانەی مامەڵە لەگەڵ ئاژەڵە ئاوییەکان دەکەن:

Answer 28

Mycobacteriosis skin
Staphylococcal infections

Question 29

Political advisers:
ڕاوێژکارانی سیاسی:

Answer 29

Resistant malaria and yellow fever
Carpet weavers (tuberculosis) - Miners (meningitis) – Well diggers (tuberculosis) - Tea growers and rice growers (Hookworm) - Wrestlers (herpes gladiatorum).

Question 30

Geographical Distribution

Answer 30

> Cold regions: such as leprosy
Tropical regions ناوچە گەرمەکان : such as malaria
Prevalence in World : Like oval malaria, yellow fever and sleep sickness in Africa …
Prevalence in different parts of Iran: such as kala-azar in Fars – Taenia in the northern regions of the country - Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Isfahan and Yazd provinces - and …
Prevalence in rural and urban areas: Like fungal diseases in rural areas and …

Question 31

Seasonal Effects

Answer 31

> Spring:
Some diseases are more common in spring, such as mumps کۆکە , brucellosis, etc.
Summer:
Some in summer such as diarrhea and vomiting - cholera and …
Autumn:
Some autumns, such as purulent sore throats قورگ ئێشەی چڵکدار and …
winter:
Some are more common in winter , such as common cold, Flu

Question 32

Reservoir

Answer 32

Exclusively human: Like typhoid - chicken pox - gonorrhea - AIDS and …
human and animal: About 150 common diseases such as salmonellosis …
Nature: Like tetanus (soil and animal) and …

Question 33

Source

Answer 33

> Water (cholera)
Food (Salmonella)
Milk (Listeria)
Soil (tetanus)
Appliances such as: dressing gauze (staphylococcus)
Hands (common cold viruses)
Body secretions (blood, sputum, saliva, semen, urine, feces) such as: hepatitis, typhoid, intestinal infections, etc.

Question 34

Race Effects
کاریگەری ڕەگەزی

Answer 34

> Some races are inherently resistant to certain infections, such as:
هەندێک ڕەگەز لە بنەڕەتدا بەرگریان هەیە بەرامبەر بە هەندێک هەوکردن، وەک:
* The white race against tuberculosis نەخۆشی سیل compared to the black race
* Patients with hemoglobinopathies against malaria and …

Question 35

Religion Effects

Answer 35

The effect of religious beliefs such as:
کاریگەری بیروباوەڕی ئایینی وەک:
Necrophagia: Prion diseases
Consumption of pork خواردنی گۆشتی بەراز : Trichinosis
Mass baths in polluted waters حەمامە بەکۆمەڵەکان لە ئاوە پیسەکاندا : chloral
Praying cow: no taeniasis
Avoid promiscuity دوور بکەوەرەوە لە لەشفرۆشی : No sexually transmitted diseases
Unhealthy slaughtering سەربڕینی ناتەندروست : infection zeonosis

Question 35

Incubation Period

Answer 35

> Too short (a few hours): Like botulinum - staphylococcal poisoning and …
Short (2 to 3 days): Such as viral respiratory infections, purulent sore throat and …
Medium (2 to 3 weeks): Like chickenpox - mumps - and …
Long (several months): Like hepatitis
Too tall (several years): Like AIDS - leprosy and …

Question 35

Communicability Period

Answer 35

> Chickenpox: 7 days - until the skin rash is completely dry
Tuberculosis: Up to two weeks after proper treatment
Meningococcal meningitis: Up to 24 hours after proper treatment
Giardiasis: As long as there is a cyst in the stool
Amoebiasis: As long as there is a cyst in the stool
Mumps: Until parotiditis subsides
Diphtheria: 2 to 4 weeks
Hepatitis: With jaundice, the excretion of the virus from the feces decreases and with the decrease of jaundice, the contagion will decrease

Question 35

Contagion Severity
توندی تووشبوون

Answer 35

> Top: Measlesسورێژە (90% of susceptible patients), Chickenpox (88% of susceptible children), Influenza, Streptococcal infections, Cavity Tuberculosis, laryngitis and …
Down: For example: zona – brucellosis in humans - Leprosy - Extra pulmonary tuberculosis - Tetanus - Brain abscesses

Question 35

Infective Dosage

Answer 35

> Even with an organism: Like tuberculosis
Up to 10 organisms: Like shigellosis and giardiasis
Less than 1000 organisms: Such as typhoid fever and Campylobacter jejuni
About 100,000 organisms: Like salmonellosis
About one million organisms: Like cholera

Question 35

Immunity: Resistance, which is usually caused by infectious agents or their toxins. Safety is either humoral or cellular
بەرگری: بەرگری، کە بەزۆری بەهۆی ماددە تووشکەرەکان یان ژەهرەکانیانەوە دروست دەبێت. سەلامەتی یان گاڵتەجاڕییە یان خانەیی

Answer 35

> Humoral safety:
The source of this immunity is group B lymphocytes. Like immunity against measles, rubella, mumps, rabies, hepatitis A and B.
سەلامەتی نوکتەیی:
سەرچاوەی ئەم بەرگرییە لیمفۆسایتی گروپی B یە. وەک بەرگری لە دژی سورێژە، ڕوبێلا، کۆکە، هاری، ئاوسانی جگەری جۆری A و B.
Cellular immunity: This immunity is dependent on group T lymphocytes. Like safety in brucellosis, tularemia, tuberculosis and …
بەرگری خانەیی: ئەم بەرگرییە وابەستە بە لیمفۆسایتی گروپی T. وەک سەلامەتی لە نەخۆشی بروسێلۆزی و تولاریمیا و سیل و …

Question 36

Immunity

Answer 36

> Intrinsic: Some races are inherently resistant to some infections, such as the white race against tuberculosis compared to the black race and those with hemoglobinopathies against malaria and …
ناوەکی: هەندێک ڕەگەز لە بنەڕەتدا بەرگریان هەیە بەرامبەر بە هەندێک هەوکردن، وەک ڕەگەزی سپی پێست دژی سیل بە بەراورد بە ڕەگەزی ڕەشپێست و ئەوانەی کە نەخۆشی هیمۆگلۆبینۆیان هەیە دژی مەلاریا و …
Adventitious: Caused by vaccination such as: diphtheria - tetanus - pertussis - polio - tuberculosis - hepatitis - M.M.R and…
بەڕێکەوت: بەهۆی کوتانەوە دروست دەبێت وەک: دەردە کۆکە - کزۆڵە - کۆکە - ئیفلیجی منداڵان - سیل - هەوکردنی جگەر - M.M.R و…

Question 37

Types of immunity:

Answer 37

> Active: It is either caused by a natural infection or by a vaccine
چالاک: یان بەهۆی هەوکردنی سروشتی یان ڤاکسینەوە دروست دەبێت
Passive: It is caused by the passage of maternal antibodies or by injection of serum and immunoglobulin.
پاسیڤ: بەهۆی تێپەڕبوونی دژەتەنی دایکی یان دەرزی لێدانی سیرۆم و بەرگری گڵۆبۆلین دروست دەبێت.
Some are lifelong, such as measles, polio, etc.
هەندێکیان تەمەنیان درێژە، وەک سورێژە، ئیفلیجی منداڵان و هتد.
Some provide temporary immunity, such as: influenza, thyphoid, malaria, etc.
هەندێکیان بەرگری کاتی دابین دەکەن، وەک: ئەنفلۆنزا، تایفۆید، مەلاریا و هتد.
Some provide relatively long immunity but need to be strengthened periodically.

هەندێکیان بەرگری تاڕادەیەک درێژخایەن دابین دەکەن بەڵام پێویستە جار جار بەهێزتر بکرێن.

Question 38

Ways of infection entering the body

Answer 38

> Skin: Such as: wounds - burns - scratches – bites
Some organisms even enter from healthy skin, such as brucellosis
پێست: وەک: برین - سووتاوی - خراپبوون – گازگرتن
تەنانەت هەندێک لە زیندەوەران لە پێستێکی تەندروستەوە دەچنە ژوورەوە، وەکو بروسێلۆزی
Mucus: For example: brucellosis from the mucous membranes of the eyes - common colds from the mucous membranes of the throat - food poisoning from gastrointestinal tract, gonorrhea from the genital mucosa, etc.
بەڵغەم: بۆ نموونە: بروسلۆزی لە پەردەی چڵمی چاوەوە - هەڵامەت باو لە پەردەی چڵمی قوڕگەوە - ژەهراویبوونی خۆراک لە کۆئەندامی هەرسەوە، سۆزی لە چڵمی کۆئەندامی زاوزێ و هتد.
Blood and blood products: For example: AIDS - hepatitis B and C - malaria - toxoplasmosis - and …
خوێن و بەرهەمەکانی خوێن: بۆ نموونە: ئایدز - ئاوسانی جگەری جۆری بی و سی - مەلاریا - تۆکسۆپلازما - و …
Placenta : For example: C.R.O.T.C.H.S