Epidemiology Flashcards
Finals review
What is epidemiology
The study of the distribution and determinants of a disease frequency in human
What is epidemic outbreak?
The occurrence of a disease in a population that exceeds the usual or expected number of cases.
What is a pandemic?
Disease the occurs thought the population of the country, people or the world
What are some purposes of epidemiology?
( QIPM)
- Quantify the magnitude of health problems
- identify the factors that cause disease
- providing quantitative guidance
- monitor the effectiveness of prevention strategies
History = Who is also known as the father of medicine? What did he do?
Hippocrates = 5th century
- > suggested that human diseases might be a result of external and personal environment of an individual
History = What did John Graunt do in 1662?
- First person to quantify patterns of disease
— noted
—– # of men born or dead
—– high infant mortality
—– Mortality rate due to seasonal variation
History = William Far( 2 centuries later), who is he, what did he do?
- 1839
— setup system to regularly track death numbers and causes, comparing mortality rates based on various factors.
History = John snow, what did he do?
- Formulated and testes hypothesis concerning origin of cholera epidemic
Cholera:
—- acute bacterial infection of small intestine
What did John snow found about cholera?
- from the data, he found out that cholera transmitted though contaminated water
- charted frequency and distribution of water
- Identify the causes of cholera
What are the components if epidemiology principles and the methids?
- Distribution ( when? where who?
—— Comparisons between population at a given time /CAUTIONS BCS - allowing to make hypothesis - disease frequency
—— Quantification of the existence of a disease / CAUTIONS BCS - aids for investigations of diseases occurrence - Determinants of disease
——- distribution + disease frequency / CAUTIONS BCS - necessary to test epidemiologic hypothesis - Hypothesis
—– Statement that is done from a theory that predicts teh relationship amount variables - Assumptions
—– Judgments that are not true about t.
Some Key assumption of epidemiology include:
- Majority of human diseases does not occur random
- Casual and preventative factors for diseases can be identified though observing populations
What re some primary units of concern?
- Groups of persons = is not separate individuals
- They must be studied so that they can answer question relating to the ethiology( a study that determined origin of a disease)
What are some key concepts of Epidemiology?
- Quantitative science
# Measured quantities - Count
# number of persons in the group studied who have particular diseases - Ratio
# relationship with 2 numbers - Proportion
# expressed in % and the numerator is a part of denominator - Rate { Prevalence “one specific time”, Incidence}# Prevalence rate = preexisting cases of a condition with a specific time , denominator = everyone in the population# Incidence rate = # of new cases of a particular conditions.
Incidence rate how to calculate?
number of NEW cases of a particular
disease or condition COMMENCING
during a specified period of time
___________________________ x 100
population - pre-existing cases
(this becomes the population at risk)
- population at risk is the population minus the number of people who have already contracted the disease or condition.
This is bacause you want to now the new cases not the old ones.
Prevelance rate how to calculate?
Prevalence Rate =
number of cases of particular disease or condition existing in a population at a specified period of time \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ x 100 population (everyone is included!)