EPIDEMIOLOGY

Question 1

is the branch of medicine which deals with the incidence, distribution,
and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health.

Answer 1

EPIDEMIOLOGY

Question 2

is also used to search for determinants, which refers to the causes and
other factors that influence the occurrence of disease and other health-related events. Determinants can be demographic characteristics, genetic makeup, risk factors, environmental exposure.

Answer 2

EPIDEMIOLOGY

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is usually present in a community and this
may not necessarily be the desired level.

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ENDEMIC DISEASE

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example of these are malaria and dengue

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ENDEMIC DISEASE

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disease occurring infrequently and
irregularly.

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SPORADIC

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e.g. leptospirosis and typhoid fever

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SPORADIC

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refers to an increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area.

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EPIDEMIC

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e.g. influenza

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EPIDEMIC

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carries the same definition of epidemic, but is often used for a more limited
geographic area.

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OUTBREAK

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refers to an epidemic that has spread over
several countries or continents, usually affecting a large number of people

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PANDEMIC

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e.g. COVID-19, SARS, MERS-COv

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PANDEMIC

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is one that develops rapidly but lasts
only a short time (e.g. influenza).

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ACUTE DISEASE

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develops more slowly, and the body’s
reactions may be less severe, but the disease is likely to continue or recur for long periods (e.g. hepatitis B).

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CHRONIC DISEASE

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the interval between the initial infection and the first appearance of any signs or symptoms. The time of incubation depends on the specific microorganism involved, its virulence (degree of pathogenicity), the number of infecting microorganisms, and the resistance of the host.

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INCUBATION PERIOD

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characterized by early, mild symptoms of disease, such as general aches and malaise. This is short period that follows the period of incubation in some diseases.

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PRODROMAL PERIOD

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the period where disease is most severe. The person exhibits overt signs and symptoms of the disease contracted. If the patient’s immune system cannot overcome the pathogen present, the patient dies.

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PERIOD OF ILLNESS

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also known as the period of defervescence.

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PERIOD OF DECLINE

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This is period where signs and symptoms begin to subside but the patient may be vulnerable to secondary infections.

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PERIOD OF DECLINE

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this period marks the patient’s recovery from the disease. The patient regains strength and body returns to its normal condition.

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PERIOD OF CONVALESCENCE

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subjective changes that are not apparent to an observer.

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SYMPTOPMS

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objective changes the physician can observe and measure

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SIGNS

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specific group of symptoms or signs

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SYNDROME

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spreads from one host to another.

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COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

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e.g. Chickenpox, measles, genital herpes, typhoid fever, and tuberculosis

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COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

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not spread from one host to another.

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NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASE

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e.g. tetanus, diabetes

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NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASE

Question 27

Antonio, a 40-year old seafarer and a married man, had intercourse with a prostitute while on voyage overseas. The next day, he experienced pain and burning on urination. A few days later, he noticed a yellowish-white discharge from his penis. He ignored it, returned home and had intercourse with his wife, Cecilia. Days later he went to the hospital for check-up and laboratory results showed a diplococci bean-shaped bacteria. He was found to have gonorrhea and was treated with antibiotics.

Question 28

Ellie went to Milan, Italy last Feb 25 for a one-week leisure trip with her fiancé. They arrived in Manila on March 4. Ellie reported to work the next day and continued her daily routine. On the night of March 15, she felt lethargic which was accompanied by a sore throat. Two days later, the symptoms kept worsening and she was already suffering from shortness of breath so she was rushed to a hospital nearby and was placed in isolation. She tested positive for COVID-19. On March 25, Ellie's condition returned to normal. On March 30, she received a news that she'll be discharged from the hospital. Just as when they're preparing to leave, the COVID test results of her fiance came out and it was POSITIVE.