BASIC IMMUNOLOGY Flashcards
1
Q
it refers to the ability of the host to fight diseases through body defenses.
A
IMMUNITY
2
Q
the study of immune response?
A
IMMUNOLOGY
3
Q
the lack of immunity is knows an?
A
SUSCEPTIBILITY
4
Q
Two types of immunity:
A
INNATE
ADAPTIVE
5
Q
type of immunity that is present as birth
A
INNATE
6
Q
type of immunity that is acquired and acts when microbes overcame the innate defenses
A
ADAPTIVE
7
Q
general type of immunity
A
INNATE
8
Q
specific type of immunity
A
ADAPTIVE
9
Q
NORMAL MICROBIOTA, NORMAL FLORA OR INDIGENOUS FLORA
A
10
Q
this consists of microorganisms that inhabit the human body but normally do not cause disease.
A
NORMAL MICROBIOTA, NORMAL FLORA OR INDIGENOUS FLORA
11
Q
TWO TYPES OF NORMAL MICROBIOTA:
A
TRANSIENT MICROBIOTA
RESIDENT MICROBIOTA
12
Q
those microbes that inhabit the body for weeks or months but later disappear?
A
TRANSIENT MICROBIOTA
13
Q
microbes that are fixed and regularly found on a specific site of the body?
A
RESIDENT MICROBIOTA
14
Q
ROLES OF NORMAL MICROBIOTA:
A
• Inhibit the growth of pathogenic microbes
• Protects the body from invasive
microbes
• Synthesize vitamins important to
humans
• Aid in digestion and metabolism
15
Q
The relationship between the normal microbiota and the host is called
A
SYMBIOSIS
16
Q
One organism benefits, and the other is unaffected?
A
COMMENSALISM
17
Q
both organisms benefit?
A
MUTUALISM
18
Q
One organisms benefit at the expense of the other?
A
PARASITISM
19
Q
E.coli gives us?
A
VITAMIN K
20
Q
The site or part of the body that inhabit most of the normal microbiota?
A
COLON
21
Q
the first line of defense against environmental disease- causing microbes are the _______?
A
SKIN AND MUCOUS MEMBRANES
22
Q
are the barriers that prevent the entry or cause the removal of microbes from the surface of the body?
A
PHYSICAL FACTORS
23
Q
are the substances produced by the body to inhibit or completely destroy microbial growth?
A
CHEMICAL FACTORS
24
Q
Provide tears that wash away microbes
A
LACRIMAL APPARATUS
25
Dilutes and washes microbes from mouth
SALIVA
26
Filter and trap microbes and dust in nose
HAIRS
27
It traps and removes microbes from upper respiratory tract
CILIA
28
Prevents microbes from entering lower respiratory tract
EPIGLOTTIS
29
Prevents microbes from entering ear
EARWAX
30
Washes microbes from urethra to prevent colonization in genitourinary tract
URINE
31
Moves microbes out of the body?
VAGINAL SECRETIONS
32
Expel microbes from body
PERISTALSIS, DEFECATION, VOMITING, AND DIARRHEA
33
Traps mucus in respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts?
MUCUS
34
Intact skin forms a physical barrier to the entrance of microbes; shedding helps removes microbes?
EPIDERMIS OF SKIN
35
Inhibit the entrance of many microbes, but not as effectively as intact skin.
MUCOUS MEMBRANES
36
Two types of white blood cells:
AGRANULOCYTE
GRANULOCYTE
37
white blood cell that has no granules?
AGRANULOCYTE
38
White blood cell that has granules?
GRANULOCYTE
39
Differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells in response to inflammation.
MONOCYTE
40
Differentiates into macrophages and dendritic cells in response to inflammation.
MONOCYTE
41
Differentiates into macrophages and dendritic cells in response to inflammation.
MONOCYTE
42
First responders at the site of infection or trauma, this abundant phagocytic cell represents 50-60 percent of all leukocytes. Releases toxins that kills or inhibit bacteria and fungi and recruits other immune cells to the site of infection.
NEUTROPHIL
43
Responsible for defense against parasites.
Releases histamines that cause inflammation and may be responsible for allergic reactions.
BASOPHIL
44
Releases toxins that kill bacteria and parasites but also causes tissue damage.
EOSINOPHIL
45
Dilates blood vessels and induces inflammation through release of histamines and heparin. Recruits macrophages and neutrophils. Involved in wound healing and defense against pathogens but can also be responsible for allergic reactions.
MAST CELL
46
Phagocytic cell that consumes foreign pathogens and cancer cells. Stimulates response of other immune cells.
MACROPHAGE
47
Kills tumor cells and virus-infected cells.
NATURAL KILLER CELL
48
Presents antigens on its surface, thereby triggering adaptive immunity.
DENDRITIC CELL
49
It is very important in inflammation?
HISTAMINE
50
Immune system cells communicate with each other through?
CYTOKINES
51
It is a signaling molecules, and it act as cellular mediators/messenger?
CYTOKINES
52
Some cell secretes and receives cytokine signal
AUTOCRINE
53
Cytokine signal secreted to a nearby cell.
PARACRINE
54
Cytokine signal secreted to circulatory system, travels to distant cells.
ENDORCRINE
55
Antiviral proteins
INTERFERON FAMILY
56
Direct cell migration, adhesion and activation.
CHEMOKINE FAMILY
57
Regulate inflammatory and immune response
TUMOUR NECROSIS FACTOR FAMILY
58
Variety of actions dependent upon interleukin and cell type
INTERLEUKIN FAMILY
59
Promote cell proliferation and differentiation
HAEMATOPOIETINS
60
Regulation of immune cells
TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA FAMILY
61
too much cytokine is called?
CYTOKINE STORM
62
are recognized by receptors in the leukocytes causing release of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
DAMAGE ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR PATTERNS (DAMPs)
63
Damage cells release?
DAMAGE ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR PATTERNS (DAMPs)
64
Microbes that can also enter injured site contains?
PATHOGEN-ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR PATTERNS (PAMPs)
65
What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
Rubor (redness)
calor (heat)
dolor (pain)
tumor (swelling)
functio laesa (loss of function)
66
Process of phagocytosis:
1. ACTIVATION
2. CHEMOTAXIS
3. RECOGNITION AND ATTACHMENT
4. ENDOCYTOSIS
5. KILLING AND DIGESTING
6. EXOCYTOSIS
67
It is responsible in making the cylindrical membrane attack complex SYSTEM
COMPLEMENT
68
It is characterized by an abnormally high body temperature .
FEVER
69
The body temperature is controlled by the ______
HYPOTHALAMUS
70
Two types of adaptive immunity or third line of defense.
HUMORAL IMMUNITY
CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
71
Involves the antibodies which are PRODUCED BY THE B CELLS.
HUMORAL IMMUNITY
72
It is produced by the T CELL which are the ones recognizing the antigens.
CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
73
Two different T cells
CD4 T Cell
CD8 Cytotoxic T Cell
74
CD4 T Cell is knows as the?
HELPER T CELL
75
CD8 cytotoxic t cell is known as the?
KILLER T CELL
76
It triggers the production of antibodies?
ANTIGEN
77
Found in mucous, saliva, tears, and breast milk. Protects against pathogens.
IgA
78
Part of the B cell receptor. Activates basophils and mast cells.
IgD
79
Protects against parasitic worms. Responsible for allergic reactions.
IgE
80
Secreted by plasma cells in the blood. Able to cross the placenta into the fetus.
IgG
81
May be attached to the surface of a B cell or secreted into the blood.
Responsible for early stages of immunity.
IgM
82
also known as the CD4+ T cells, come in
different subtypes stimulate the differentiation of B cells to produce cytotoxic cells
HELPER T CELLS
83
also known as the CD8+ cells are able to
lyse and induce apoptosis (cell death); the body’s main defense against intracellular pathogens
CYTOTOXIC T CELLS
84
This is found in our saliva, milk, respiratory, gut, sweat and urinary track.
IgA
85
This is the least known antibody?
IgD
86
This is an antigen that almost 45% are found in the blood.
IgG
87
Early responder antigen?
IgM
88
IgM are known as the?
MACROGLOBULIN
89
Types of Adaptive Immunity
NATURALLY ACQUIRED
ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED
90
2 types of Adaptive Immunity
NATURALLY ACQUIRED
ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED
91
The most abundant immune globulin?
IgG
92
Biggest antibody?
IgM
93
What are the structure of an antibody?
FAB REGION
FC REGION
94
What is the variable region of the structure of antibody?
FAB REGION
95
A structure of antibody that used to attach to a phagocytosis?
FC REGION
96
THE DIFFERENT ANTIBODIES:
IgA
IgD
IgE
IgG
IgM
97
What are the 4 roles/functions of antibodies?
NEUTRALIZATION
AGGLUTINATION
OPSONIZATION
ANTIBODY-MEDIATED CELLULAR TOXICITY
98
the role of the ____ is to addressed pathogens extracellularly so that they cannot enter the cell
ANTIBODIES
99
It protects the pathogen to enter the cell?
ANTIBODY/ANTIBODIES
100
Our immune system is triggered by a foreign molecules called?
ANTIGEN
101
Types of vaccines:
Live Attenuated (LAV)
Inactivated (Killed Antigen)
Subunit (Purified Antigen)
Toxoid (Inactivated Toxins)
RNA-Based
102
examples:
Tuberculosis
Oral polio vaccine (OPV)
Measles
Rotavirus
Yellow fever
LIVE ATTENUATED (LAV)
103
Examples:
Whole-cell pertussis (WP)
Inactivated polio virus (IPV)
INACTIVATED (KILLED ANTIGEN)
104
Examples:
Whole-cell pertussis (WP)
Inactivated polio virus (IPV)
INACTIVATED (KILLED ANTIGEN)
105
Examples:
Tuberculosis
Oral polio vaccine (OPV)
Measles
Rotavirus
Yellow fever
LIVE ATTENUATED (LAV)
106
Examples:
Acellular pertussis (aP)
Haemophilius influenzae type B (Hib)
Pneumococcal (PCV-7, PCV-10, PCV-13)
Hepatitis B (HepB)
SUBUNIT (PURIFIED ANTIGEN)
107
Examples:
Tetanus toxoid (TT)
Diphtheria
toxoid
TOXOID (INACTIVATED TOXINS)
108
Examples:
Non-replicating
In vivo self-replicating
In vivo dendritic cell non-replicating
RNA-BASED
109
Antigens enter the body naturally;
body induces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes
ACTIVE NATURALLY ACQUIRED
110
Antibodies pass from mother to fetus via placenta or to infant via the mother's milk
PASSIVE NATURALLY ACQUIRED
111
Antigens are introduced in vaccines;
body produces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes
ACTIVE ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED
112
Preformed antibodies in immune serum are introduced by injection
PASSIVE ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED
113
are foreign, infectious microbes that cause sickness and disease
PATHOGEN
114
they do not originate in the body
FOREIGN
115
they can spread from one host to another
INFECTIOUS
116
they are microscopic
MICROBES
117
Sickness of influenza virus?
The Flu
118
Sickness of SARS-CoV2
COVID-19
119
HIV
AIDS
120
Sickness of rhinovirus
The Common Cold
121
Sickness of ebola virus
Sickness of ebola virus
122
Bacteria for Food Poisoning?
E.Coli and Salmonella
123
Bad Bacteria for strep throat?
STEPTOCOCCUS
124
Bad bacteria for pneumonia?
PNEUMOCOCCUS
125
In what line of defense is the intact skin?
FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE
126
In what line of defense is the mucus membrane and their secretions?
FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE
127
In what line of defense is the normal microbiota?
FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE
128
In what line of defense is the phagocytes, such as neutrophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells and macrophages?
SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
129
In what line of defense in the inflammation?
SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
130
In what line of defense is the fever?
SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
131
In what line of defense in the antimicrobial substances?
SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
132
In what line of defense is the specialized lymphocytes, t cells and b cells?
THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE
133
In what line of defense is the antibodies?
THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE
134
It forms a protective acidic film over the skin surface that inhibits microbial growth?
SEBUM
135
Fatty acids in earwax inhibit the growth of fungi and bacteria?
EARWAX
136
Flushes microbes from skin and contains lysozyme; lysozyme is also present in tears, saliva, nasal secretions, urine and tissue fluid,
PERSPIRATION
137
Contains lysozyme, urine and uric acid, which inhibit microbes; and immunoglobin A, which prevents attachments of microbes to mucous membranes. slight acidity disciurages microbial growth.
SALIVA
138
High acidity destroys bacteria and most toxins in the stomach
GASTRIC JUICE
139
Glycogen breakdown into lactic acid provides slightly acidity, which discourages bacterial and fungal growth.
VAGINAL SECRETIONS
140
Contains lysozyme. Slight acidity discourages microbial growth.
URINE
141
Adaptive immunity is in what line of defense?
THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE
142
It adapts to a specific microbe or foreign subtances?
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
143
It is associated with a person’s memory of the infection?
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
144
Always involves the production of antibodies.
HUMORAL IMMUNITY
145
Antibodies play a major role in?
HUMORAL IMMUNITY
146
Involves many different cell types, including macrophages, Thelper cells, cytotoxic T cells, delayed hypersensitivity T cells, natural killer cells, killer cells, and granulocytes.
CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY
147
B cell or alias?
Plasma Cell
148
An antibody that is found in the surface of the B cell?
IgD
149
An antibody that bind the surface of Basophil and Mast Cell?
IgE
150
It is a foreign protein molecules that are are found on the surface or pathogens like viruses
ANTIGEN
151
It is in our immune system that protects our body from viruses by producing antibodies that mark and flag antigen for destruction.
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
152
It expose the immune system to antigens which stimulates the production of antibodies
VACCINES
153
It is the molecule that cells yee to build protein
mRNA
154
It teach your cells how to build a specific protein antigen from a particular virus.
mRNA vaccines
