Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MICROPARA > BASIC IMMUNOLOGY > Flashcards

BASIC IMMUNOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

it refers to the ability of the host to fight diseases through body defenses.

A

IMMUNITY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the study of immune response?

A

IMMUNOLOGY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

the lack of immunity is knows an?

A

SUSCEPTIBILITY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Two types of immunity:

A

INNATE
ADAPTIVE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

type of immunity that is present as birth

A

INNATE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

type of immunity that is acquired and acts when microbes overcame the innate defenses

A

ADAPTIVE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

general type of immunity

A

INNATE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

specific type of immunity

A

ADAPTIVE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

NORMAL MICROBIOTA, NORMAL FLORA OR INDIGENOUS FLORA

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

this consists of microorganisms that inhabit the human body but normally do not cause disease.

A

NORMAL MICROBIOTA, NORMAL FLORA OR INDIGENOUS FLORA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

TWO TYPES OF NORMAL MICROBIOTA:

A

TRANSIENT MICROBIOTA
RESIDENT MICROBIOTA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

those microbes that inhabit the body for weeks or months but later disappear?

A

TRANSIENT MICROBIOTA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

microbes that are fixed and regularly found on a specific site of the body?

A

RESIDENT MICROBIOTA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

ROLES OF NORMAL MICROBIOTA:

A

• Inhibit the growth of pathogenic microbes
• Protects the body from invasive
microbes
• Synthesize vitamins important to
humans
• Aid in digestion and metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The relationship between the normal microbiota and the host is called

A

SYMBIOSIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

One organism benefits, and the other is unaffected?

A

COMMENSALISM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

both organisms benefit?

A

MUTUALISM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

One organisms benefit at the expense of the other?

A

PARASITISM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

E.coli gives us?

A

VITAMIN K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The site or part of the body that inhabit most of the normal microbiota?

A

COLON

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

the first line of defense against environmental disease- causing microbes are the _______?

A

SKIN AND MUCOUS MEMBRANES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

are the barriers that prevent the entry or cause the removal of microbes from the surface of the body?

A

PHYSICAL FACTORS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

are the substances produced by the body to inhibit or completely destroy microbial growth?

A

CHEMICAL FACTORS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Provide tears that wash away microbes

A

LACRIMAL APPARATUS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Dilutes and washes microbes from mouth

A

SALIVA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Filter and trap microbes and dust in nose

A

HAIRS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

It traps and removes microbes from upper respiratory tract

A

CILIA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Prevents microbes from entering lower respiratory tract

A

EPIGLOTTIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Prevents microbes from entering ear

A

EARWAX

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Washes microbes from urethra to prevent colonization in genitourinary tract

A

URINE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Moves microbes out of the body?

A

VAGINAL SECRETIONS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Expel microbes from body

A

PERISTALSIS, DEFECATION, VOMITING, AND DIARRHEA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Traps mucus in respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts?

A

MUCUS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Intact skin forms a physical barrier to the entrance of microbes; shedding helps removes microbes?

A

EPIDERMIS OF SKIN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Inhibit the entrance of many microbes, but not as effectively as intact skin.

A

MUCOUS MEMBRANES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Two types of white blood cells:

A

AGRANULOCYTE
GRANULOCYTE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

white blood cell that has no granules?

A

AGRANULOCYTE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

White blood cell that has granules?

A

GRANULOCYTE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells in response to inflammation.

A

MONOCYTE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Differentiates into macrophages and dendritic cells in response to inflammation.

A

MONOCYTE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Differentiates into macrophages and dendritic cells in response to inflammation.

A

MONOCYTE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

First responders at the site of infection or trauma, this abundant phagocytic cell represents 50-60 percent of all leukocytes. Releases toxins that kills or inhibit bacteria and fungi and recruits other immune cells to the site of infection.

A

NEUTROPHIL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Responsible for defense against parasites.
Releases histamines that cause inflammation and may be responsible for allergic reactions.

A

BASOPHIL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Releases toxins that kill bacteria and parasites but also causes tissue damage.

A

EOSINOPHIL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Dilates blood vessels and induces inflammation through release of histamines and heparin. Recruits macrophages and neutrophils. Involved in wound healing and defense against pathogens but can also be responsible for allergic reactions.

A

MAST CELL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Phagocytic cell that consumes foreign pathogens and cancer cells. Stimulates response of other immune cells.

A

MACROPHAGE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Kills tumor cells and virus-infected cells.

A

NATURAL KILLER CELL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Presents antigens on its surface, thereby triggering adaptive immunity.

A

DENDRITIC CELL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

It is very important in inflammation?

A

HISTAMINE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Immune system cells communicate with each other through?

A

CYTOKINES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

It is a signaling molecules, and it act as cellular mediators/messenger?

A

CYTOKINES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Some cell secretes and receives cytokine signal

A

AUTOCRINE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Cytokine signal secreted to a nearby cell.

A

PARACRINE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Cytokine signal secreted to circulatory system, travels to distant cells.

A

ENDORCRINE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Antiviral proteins

A

INTERFERON FAMILY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Direct cell migration, adhesion and activation.

A

CHEMOKINE FAMILY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Regulate inflammatory and immune response

A

TUMOUR NECROSIS FACTOR FAMILY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Variety of actions dependent upon interleukin and cell type

A

INTERLEUKIN FAMILY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Promote cell proliferation and differentiation

A

HAEMATOPOIETINS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Regulation of immune cells

A

TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA FAMILY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

too much cytokine is called?

A

CYTOKINE STORM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

are recognized by receptors in the leukocytes causing release of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

A

DAMAGE ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR PATTERNS (DAMPs)

63
Q

Damage cells release?

A

DAMAGE ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR PATTERNS (DAMPs)

64
Q

Microbes that can also enter injured site contains?

A

PATHOGEN-ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR PATTERNS (PAMPs)

65
Q

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

Rubor (redness)
calor (heat)
dolor (pain)
tumor (swelling)
functio laesa (loss of function)

66
Q

Process of phagocytosis:

A
  1. ACTIVATION
  2. CHEMOTAXIS
  3. RECOGNITION AND ATTACHMENT
  4. ENDOCYTOSIS
  5. KILLING AND DIGESTING
  6. EXOCYTOSIS
67
Q

It is responsible in making the cylindrical membrane attack complex SYSTEM

A

COMPLEMENT

68
Q

It is characterized by an abnormally high body temperature .

A

FEVER

69
Q

The body temperature is controlled by the ______

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

70
Q

Two types of adaptive immunity or third line of defense.

A

HUMORAL IMMUNITY
CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY

71
Q

Involves the antibodies which are PRODUCED BY THE B CELLS.

A

HUMORAL IMMUNITY

72
Q

It is produced by the T CELL which are the ones recognizing the antigens.

A

CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY

73
Q

Two different T cells

A

CD4 T Cell
CD8 Cytotoxic T Cell

74
Q

CD4 T Cell is knows as the?

A

HELPER T CELL

75
Q

CD8 cytotoxic t cell is known as the?

A

KILLER T CELL

76
Q

It triggers the production of antibodies?

A

ANTIGEN

77
Q

Found in mucous, saliva, tears, and breast milk. Protects against pathogens.

A

IgA

78
Q

Part of the B cell receptor. Activates basophils and mast cells.

A

IgD

79
Q

Protects against parasitic worms. Responsible for allergic reactions.

A

IgE

80
Q

Secreted by plasma cells in the blood. Able to cross the placenta into the fetus.

A

IgG

81
Q

May be attached to the surface of a B cell or secreted into the blood.
Responsible for early stages of immunity.

A

IgM

82
Q

also known as the CD4+ T cells, come in
different subtypes stimulate the differentiation of B cells to produce cytotoxic cells

A

HELPER T CELLS

83
Q

also known as the CD8+ cells are able to
lyse and induce apoptosis (cell death); the body’s main defense against intracellular pathogens

A

CYTOTOXIC T CELLS

84
Q

This is found in our saliva, milk, respiratory, gut, sweat and urinary track.

A

IgA

85
Q

This is the least known antibody?

A

IgD

86
Q

This is an antigen that almost 45% are found in the blood.

A

IgG

87
Q

Early responder antigen?

A

IgM

88
Q

IgM are known as the?

A

MACROGLOBULIN

89
Q

Types of Adaptive Immunity

A

NATURALLY ACQUIRED
ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED

90
Q

2 types of Adaptive Immunity

A

NATURALLY ACQUIRED
ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED

91
Q

The most abundant immune globulin?

A

IgG

92
Q

Biggest antibody?

A

IgM

93
Q

What are the structure of an antibody?

A

FAB REGION
FC REGION

94
Q

What is the variable region of the structure of antibody?

A

FAB REGION

95
Q

A structure of antibody that used to attach to a phagocytosis?

A

FC REGION

96
Q

THE DIFFERENT ANTIBODIES:

A

IgA
IgD
IgE
IgG
IgM

97
Q

What are the 4 roles/functions of antibodies?

A

NEUTRALIZATION
AGGLUTINATION
OPSONIZATION
ANTIBODY-MEDIATED CELLULAR TOXICITY

98
Q

the role of the ____ is to addressed pathogens extracellularly so that they cannot enter the cell

A

ANTIBODIES

99
Q

It protects the pathogen to enter the cell?

A

ANTIBODY/ANTIBODIES

100
Q

Our immune system is triggered by a foreign molecules called?

A

ANTIGEN

101
Q

Types of vaccines:

A

Live Attenuated (LAV)
Inactivated (Killed Antigen)
Subunit (Purified Antigen)
Toxoid (Inactivated Toxins)
RNA-Based

102
Q

examples:

Tuberculosis
Oral polio vaccine (OPV)
Measles
Rotavirus
Yellow fever

A

LIVE ATTENUATED (LAV)

103
Q

Examples:
Whole-cell pertussis (WP)
Inactivated polio virus (IPV)

A

INACTIVATED (KILLED ANTIGEN)

104
Q

Examples:
Whole-cell pertussis (WP)
Inactivated polio virus (IPV)

A

INACTIVATED (KILLED ANTIGEN)

105
Q

Examples:

Tuberculosis
Oral polio vaccine (OPV)
Measles
Rotavirus
Yellow fever

A

LIVE ATTENUATED (LAV)

106
Q

Examples:

Acellular pertussis (aP)
Haemophilius influenzae type B (Hib)
Pneumococcal (PCV-7, PCV-10, PCV-13)
Hepatitis B (HepB)

A

SUBUNIT (PURIFIED ANTIGEN)

107
Q

Examples:

Tetanus toxoid (TT)
Diphtheria
toxoid

A

TOXOID (INACTIVATED TOXINS)

108
Q

Examples:

Non-replicating
In vivo self-replicating
In vivo dendritic cell non-replicating

A

RNA-BASED

109
Q

Antigens enter the body naturally;
body induces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes

A

ACTIVE NATURALLY ACQUIRED

110
Q

Antibodies pass from mother to fetus via placenta or to infant via the mother’s milk

A

PASSIVE NATURALLY ACQUIRED

111
Q

Antigens are introduced in vaccines;
body produces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes

A

ACTIVE ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED

112
Q

Preformed antibodies in immune serum are introduced by injection

A

PASSIVE ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED

113
Q

are foreign, infectious microbes that cause sickness and disease

A

PATHOGEN

114
Q

they do not originate in the body

A

FOREIGN

115
Q

they can spread from one host to another

A

INFECTIOUS

116
Q

they are microscopic

A

MICROBES

117
Q

Sickness of influenza virus?

A

The Flu

118
Q

Sickness of SARS-CoV2

A

COVID-19

119
Q

HIV

A

AIDS

120
Q

Sickness of rhinovirus

A

The Common Cold

121
Q

Sickness of ebola virus

A

Sickness of ebola virus

122
Q

Bacteria for Food Poisoning?

A

E.Coli and Salmonella

123
Q

Bad Bacteria for strep throat?

A

STEPTOCOCCUS

124
Q

Bad bacteria for pneumonia?

A

PNEUMOCOCCUS

125
Q

In what line of defense is the intact skin?

A

FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE

126
Q

In what line of defense is the mucus membrane and their secretions?

A

FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE

127
Q

In what line of defense is the normal microbiota?

A

FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE

128
Q

In what line of defense is the phagocytes, such as neutrophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells and macrophages?

A

SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE

129
Q

In what line of defense in the inflammation?

A

SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE

130
Q

In what line of defense is the fever?

A

SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE

131
Q

In what line of defense in the antimicrobial substances?

A

SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE

132
Q

In what line of defense is the specialized lymphocytes, t cells and b cells?

A

THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE

133
Q

In what line of defense is the antibodies?

A

THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE

134
Q

It forms a protective acidic film over the skin surface that inhibits microbial growth?

A

SEBUM

135
Q

Fatty acids in earwax inhibit the growth of fungi and bacteria?

A

EARWAX

136
Q

Flushes microbes from skin and contains lysozyme; lysozyme is also present in tears, saliva, nasal secretions, urine and tissue fluid,

A

PERSPIRATION

137
Q

Contains lysozyme, urine and uric acid, which inhibit microbes; and immunoglobin A, which prevents attachments of microbes to mucous membranes. slight acidity disciurages microbial growth.

A

SALIVA

138
Q

High acidity destroys bacteria and most toxins in the stomach

A

GASTRIC JUICE

139
Q

Glycogen breakdown into lactic acid provides slightly acidity, which discourages bacterial and fungal growth.

A

VAGINAL SECRETIONS

140
Q

Contains lysozyme. Slight acidity discourages microbial growth.

A

URINE

141
Q

Adaptive immunity is in what line of defense?

A

THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE

142
Q

It adapts to a specific microbe or foreign subtances?

A

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

143
Q

It is associated with a person’s memory of the infection?

A

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

144
Q

Always involves the production of antibodies.

A

HUMORAL IMMUNITY

145
Q

Antibodies play a major role in?

A

HUMORAL IMMUNITY

146
Q

Involves many different cell types, including macrophages, Thelper cells, cytotoxic T cells, delayed hypersensitivity T cells, natural killer cells, killer cells, and granulocytes.

A

CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY

147
Q

B cell or alias?

A

Plasma Cell

148
Q

An antibody that is found in the surface of the B cell?

A

IgD

149
Q

An antibody that bind the surface of Basophil and Mast Cell?

A

IgE

150
Q

It is a foreign protein molecules that are are found on the surface or pathogens like viruses

A

ANTIGEN

151
Q

It is in our immune system that protects our body from viruses by producing antibodies that mark and flag antigen for destruction.

A

WHITE BLOOD CELLS

152
Q

It expose the immune system to antigens which stimulates the production of antibodies

A

VACCINES

153
Q

It is the molecule that cells yee to build protein

A

mRNA

154
Q

It teach your cells how to build a specific protein antigen from a particular virus.

A

mRNA vaccines

MICROPARA (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions